土壤二维蒸气抽排去污效果的影响研究

土壤蒸气抽排是一种经济、高效、安全并已被广泛应用的污染场址现场修复技术,它能经济高效地去除非饱和带土壤中的挥发性有机污染物。以土壤和油污染物为例,进行了土壤二维抽排模拟实验,研究了气体抽排流量对去污效果的影响,通过实验可知:在增加气体抽排流量的情况下,抽排气中挥发性较强的有机物质正戊烷(C5h12)浓度下降的很快,最终保存在较低的浓度水平。挥发性一般的正辛烷(C8h18)和挥发性较弱的正癸烷(C10h22)经过长时间的抽排后,污染物也得到了降低,但是最终保持在比较高的浓度水平。得出增加气体抽排流量可以使污染物去除速率大幅度提高,从而缩短了净化时间,获得很好的去污效果。同时对二维抽排模拟实验和一维抽排模拟实验结果做了比较。     

上海市闵行区综合水环境质量分析及研究

分析了上海市闵行区水环境质量的现状.采用同济大学开发的水质标识指数法,对闵行区2001～2005年间三大水系(即淀南片、淀北片及浦东片)的综合水质、综合水质按月变化情况、主干河流沿程变化等进行了分析.提出了改善河道水动力、河道曝气复氧、建设城市污水处理厂及完善污水管网、监测计划的前瞻性、修建护坡及绿化带等建议.     

炼焦过程排放挥发性有机物的排放特征和组成分布研究

为控制炼焦排放以及为预防城市大气污染提供可靠的污染源数据支持,利用不锈钢采样罐和全自动预浓缩/GC/MS系统,研究了58-Ⅱ型和JN43-80型焦炉在装煤时刻和炼焦过程(包括装煤时刻)中挥发有机物(VOCs)的排放特征及其组成分布,分析了焦化行业排放VOCs的反应活性。研究发现,在装煤时刻和炼焦过程中,58-Ⅱ型焦炉产生的总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)浓度分别为7022μg/m~3和6266μg/m~3;JN43-80型焦炉产生的TVOCs浓度分别为4185μg/m~3和3298μg/m~3。装煤时刻产生的TVOCs浓度明显高于炼焦过程产生的。炼焦过程无组织排放的VOCs包含烯烃、烷烃、芳香烃、卤代烃以及少量的醛和酮,其中乙烯、乙烷、丙烯、苯、甲苯等为主要成分。这些产生的VOCs反应活性各不相同,活性最大的是烯烃类物质,其活性占TVOCs反应活性比重为(86.2±2.1)%;其次是芳香烃类物质,其活性比重为(9.2±3.1)%;反应活性最大的5个物种分别是丙烯、乙烯、1,3-丁二烯、1-丁烯以及苯乙烯。     

长江镇江段不同生境类型底栖动物群落结构研究

2010年3~12月在长江镇江段进行4次采样共采集到底栖动物26种,隶属于7科21属,其中水栖寡毛类2科7属12种,多毛类1科1属种,软体动物2科4属4种,水生昆虫2科9属9种。长江镇江段共有4个优势种：厚唇嫩丝蚓(Teneridrilus mastix)、苏氏尾鳃蚓(Branchiura sowerbyi)、多鳃齿吻沙蚕(Nephthys polybranchia)和长足摇蚊(Tanypus sp.)。底栖动物平均栖息密度和生物量分别为74 ind./m2和02 g/m2。各种生境类型中,保护区的底栖动物密度和生物量相对较高,北湖次之,主航道最低。同时存在着季节变动,密度以春夏较高,秋冬较低,生物量以春秋较高,冬夏较低。各季度功能摄食类群密度相对丰度以直接收集者所占比例较高,滤食收集者次之。比较长江下游各江段,底栖动物群落有较大差异：密度最高值出现在扬中段,最低值出现在镇江段;生物量最高值出现在江阴段,最低值出现在镇江段;而种类数在镇江段和扬中段较高,江阴段较低     

随机故障、蓄意攻击与城乡路网空间稳定性——以武汉城市圈为例

基于1995~2010武汉城市圈城乡路网空间数据,综合运用复杂网络理论、动力系统理论及现代控制理论等多学科的方法和理论,采取随机故障和蓄意侵略两种攻击策略及多种评价指标,通过建立动力学演化模型并进行模拟仿真,揭示武汉城市圈城乡道路网的空间稳定性：（1）因分布相对均匀,节点连接随机多样,在面临随机攻击时,武汉城市圈城乡路网体现出“类随机性”,抗攻击能力强;（2）高度节点、高介数节点失效时,引致的城乡路网效率和结构变化程度不一,高介数节点失效往往更容易导致路网破碎和效率降低（形成众多子图）;（3）桥梁和高速成为整个圈域城乡路网的关键边,不同桥梁或高速路段相对网络稳定性的重要程度不一样：圈域中心城区的大桥和二桥、南北向的京港澳、大广高速成为整个城乡路网的关键路径     

Effect of Earthworm(Pheretima sp.) Density on Revegetation of Lead/zinc Metal Mine Tailings Amended with Soil

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of earthworm density on the availability of nutrients and heavy metals in metal contaminated soils. Pb/Zn mine tailings were mixed throughly with a red yellow podzolic soil at the ratio (w/w) of 75:25. Earthworms (Pheretima sp.) were introduced to the mixture at four different densities, zero, three, six and nine individuals per pot planted with ryegrass (Loliun multiflorum). The results indicated that earthworm activity significantly enhanced ryegrass shoot biomass. However, as denser earthworm population was introduced, shoot biomass tended to decrease. Earthworm activity significantly increased soil pH and availability of N, P and K in the tailings and soil mixture. There was a general tendency that uptake of Zn by ryegrass increased after earthworm inoculation, although the increase in extractable Zn in tailings and soil mixture was not significant. On the contrary, there seemed to be a lower uptake of Pb by ryegrass under earthworm inoclation, despite the fact that higher extractable Pb concentrations were observed. The present project indicated that the improved growth of ryegrass was due to improved nutrient availability and other soil conditions, by inoculation of earthworms at an appropriate rate. Further studies are needed to illustrate the relationship between metal availability and earthworm activity in the field.     

锌冶炼废渣重金属在地块土壤中的垂向迁移特征及归趋

为探讨冶炼废渣中重金属对土壤及地下水的影响,开展了90 d持续和间歇淋溶下锌挥发窑渣浸出液中重金属在场地剖面土柱的迁移模拟实验,分析淋出液Cd、 Cu、 Pb和Zn浓度及其在土壤剖面的累积、赋存形态和粒径分布特征,并探讨重金属在土壤剖面滞留机制.结果表明,土柱淋出液重金属浓度在淋溶初期达到峰值后迅速降低,Cd浓度超过《地下水环境质量标准》(GB/T 14848-2017)Ⅳ类水质限值(0.1 mg·L^-1),地下水存在Cd污染风险.剖面土壤对废渣中重金属固持量大,Cd、 Cu、 Pb和Zn主要累积在浅层土壤(0～10 cm),分别为淋溶前土壤的237～429、 1.25～16.2、 1.38～2.31和1.79～3.17倍;持续淋溶下废渣重金属较间歇淋溶的迁移距离较长,Cd在土柱深层有明显累积.土壤粗颗粒(0.5～2.0 mm)对Cd、 Cu和Zn累积总量的贡献率较大,而Pb更易累积在<0.25 mm粒径.BCR顺序提取结果显示,浅层土壤累积的Cd、 Cu和Zn主要以弱酸提取态为主,占比分别高达62.4%～76.7%、 72.0%～95.8%和67.6%～8...     

缺氧MBBR耦合部分厌氧氨氧化强化城市生活污水深度脱氮

缺氧MBBR是强化传统城市污水处理系统脱氮的一种方法,本研究通过向城市污水后置反硝化SBR中投加填料构建了缺氧双污泥系统,实现了城市生活污水部分厌氧氨氧化深度脱氮.在250d的运行中脱氮性能逐渐提高并实现稳定,出水总氮在5 mg·L~(-1)左右. 211～250 d的平均硝氮、氨氮和总氮去除率分别为(97. 7±2. 9)%、(93. 3±2. 9)%和(94. 3±2. 7)%.长期运行中观测到氨氮和硝氮的同步去除.针对氨氮去除途径进行分析,系统同化、硝化作用微弱.缺氧MBBR中存在厌氧氨氧化活性且对脱氮有不可忽视的作用.实时定量PCR结果进一步说明缺氧MBBR中厌氧氨氧化菌富集,特别是缺氧填料生物膜中厌氧氨氧化菌丰度由初始的4. 37×10~7copies·g~(-1)增长到了2. 28×10~(10)copies·g~(-1).本研究表明缺氧填料生物膜在厌氧氨氧化的富集强化城市污水深度脱氮中或许具有可应用的潜能.     

Type 0092丝状菌污泥微膨胀在短程硝化中的实现

利用Type 0092丝状菌不易引发污泥恶性膨胀的特点,本实验采用实际生活污水,以SBR反应器接种短程硝化污泥,考察了短程硝化状态下启动Type 0092丝状菌污泥微膨胀的特性,研究了系统启动与维持期间的污泥沉降性能、亚硝酸盐积累率(NAR)、污染物去除特性以及污泥菌群结构变化情况.结果表明控制DO为0. 3～0. 8 mg·L~(-1),F/M(以COD/MLSS计)=0. 24 kg·(kg·d)~(-1),按照交替缺氧/好氧模式运行(单周期3次,缺氧∶好氧=20 min∶60 min),能够启动Type 0092丝状菌污泥微膨胀与短程硝化耦合,系统SVI值维持在180 m L·g~(-1)左右,NAR一直维持在99%左右,COD和TN去除率能够分别提高约13%和5%,相较于传统全程硝化非微膨胀状态曝气量能节省约62. 5%.当交替缺氧/好氧模式变为单周期交替6次,缺氧∶好氧=10 min∶30 min,亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的活性会恢复,使短程硝化被破坏;低溶解氧、交替缺氧/好氧、低负荷是实现Type 0092丝状菌污泥微膨胀的关键因素,当负荷(以COD/MLSS计)大于0. 25 kg·(kg·d)~(-1)时,仅靠低溶解氧和间歇曝气无法维持污泥微膨胀状态.     

System dynamics modeling for municipal water demand estimation in an urban region under uncertain economic impacts

Accurate prediction of municipal water demand is critically important to water utilities in fast-growing urban regions for drinking water system planning, design, and water utility asset management. Achieving the desired prediction accuracy is challenging, however, because the forecasting model must simultaneously consider a variety of factors associated with climate changes, economic development, population growth and migration, and even consumer behavioral patterns. Traditional forecasting models such as multivariate regression and time series analysis, as well as advanced modeling techniques (e.g., expert systems and artificial neural networks), are often applied for either short- or long-term water demand projections, yet few can adequately manage the dynamics of a water supply system because of the limitations in modeling structures. Potential challenges also arise from a lack of long and continuous historical records of water demand and its dependent variables. The objectives of this study were to (1) thoroughly review water demand forecasting models over the past five decades, and (2) propose a new system dynamics model to reflect the intrinsic relationship between water demand and macroeconomic environment using out-of-sample estimation for long-term municipal water demand forecasts in a fast-growing urban region. This system dynamics model is based on a coupled modeling structure that takes into account the interactions among economic and social dimensions, offering a realistic platform for practical use. Practical implementation of this water demand forecasting tool was assessed by using a case study under the most recent alternate fluctuations of economic boom and downturn environments.