Fine particulate speciation profile and emission factor of municipal solid waste incinerator established by dilution sampling method

In this study, fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) emitted from a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) was collected using dilution sampling method. Chemical compositions of the collected PM_2.5 samples, including carbon content, metal elements, and water-soluble ions, were analyzed. Traditional in-stack hot sampling was simultaneously conducted to compare the influences of dilution on PM_2.5 emissions and the characteristics of the bonded chemical species. The results, established by a dilution sampling method, show that PM_2.5 and total particulate matter (TPM) emission factors were 61.6 ± 4.52 and 66.1 ± 5.27 g ton-waste^?1, respectively. The average ratio of PM_2.5/TPM is 0.93, indicating that more than 90% of PM emission from the MSWI was fine particulate. The major chemical species in PM_2.5 included organic carbon (OC), Cl^?, NH₄⁺, elemental carbon (EC) and Si, which account for 69.7% of PM_2.5 mass. OC was from the unburned carbon in the exhaust, which adsorbed onto the particulate during the cooling process. High Cl^? emission is primarily attributable to wastes containing plastic bags made of polyvinyl chloride, salt in kitchen refuse and waste biomass, and so on. Minor species that account for 0.01–1% of PM_2.5 mass included SO₄^2-, K⁺, Na, K, NO₃^?, Al, Ca²⁺, Zn, Ca, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Mg. The mean ratio of dilution method/in-stack hot method was 0.454. The contents of water-soluble ions (Cl^?, SO₄^2-, NO₃^?) were significantly enriched in PM_2.5 via gas-to-particle conversion in the dilution process. Results indicate that in-stack hot sampling would underestimate levels of these species in PM_2.5.

Implications: PM_2.5 samples from a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) were collected simultaneously by a dilution sampling technique and a traditional in-stack method. PM_2.5 emission factors and chemical speciation profiles were established. Dilution sampling provides more reliable data than in-stack hot sampling. The results can be applied to estimate the PM_2.5 emission inventories of MSWI, and the source profile can be used for contribution estimate of chemical mass balance modeling.     

Adsorption and desorption of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol onto and from ash as affected by Ag+, Zn2+, and Al3+

Metal cations and organic pollutants mostly co-exist in the natural environment. However, their interactions in adsorption processes have yet to be adequately addressed. In the current study, the effect of inorganic cations with different charges (Ag⁺, Zn²⁺, and Al³⁺) on the adsorption and desorption of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) onto and from processed ash derived from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw was investigated. The adsorption and desorption of TCP were both nonlinear; the isotherm and kinetics curves fitted well using the Freundlich equation and a pseudo-second-order model, respectively. The presence of Ag⁺ promoted TCP adsorption, while Zn²⁺ and Al³⁺ reduced TCP adsorption onto ash. The desorption of TCP from ash showed obvious hysteresis, and the presence of Ag⁺, Zn²⁺, and Al³⁺ caused the desorption to be less hysteretic. The suppression of TCP adsorption by Zn²⁺ and Al³⁺ was ascribed to the partial overlapping of adsorption groups between TCP and metal ions. Al³⁺ had a stronger inhibition effect than that of Zn²⁺ due to its higher binding capacity and larger hydrated ionic radius than those of Zn²⁺. Enhanced adsorption of TCP onto ash by Ag⁺ was ascribed to its ability to reduce the competitive adsorption of water molecules on ash surface by replacing the original ions, such as Na⁺ and Ca²⁺, and compressing the hydrated ionic radius of these metal ions. In addition, Ag⁺ was able to bind with the aromatic organic compounds containing π-electrons, which resulted in a further increase of TCP adsorption by ash.     

新型碳源驯化的SRB去除酸性矿山废水中SO_4~(2-)最佳反应条件

针对硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)处理酸性矿山废水缺乏有效有机碳源问题,运用生活污水、鸡粪和锯末质量比80∶7∶3混合物的发酵液作为新型有机碳源驯化硫酸盐还原菌SRB,并研究SRB以该新型有机碳源作为营养物质在不同COD/SO2-4(C/S)值、pH值、初始硫酸根(SO2-4)浓度、重金属离子(Fe2+、Mn2+、Cu2+和Zn2+)浓度条件下对SO2-4的去除效果,以确定SRB去除SO2-4的最佳反应条件。实验结果表明,在厌氧环境SRB接种量8%、生长温度35℃、转速50 r/min、C/S为1.5~2.0、pH值6~7、初始SO2-4浓度≤3 000 mg/L、Fe2+在100~300 mg/L、Mn2+为35 mg/L时反应条件最佳,SO2-4去除率均可达90%以上;其中Fe2+浓度≤500 mg/L、Mn2+浓度≤140 mg/L时均会促进SRB对SO2-4的还原,当Fe2+浓度≥600mg/L时会严重抑制SRB,Mn2+浓度140 mg/L时会抑制SRB;Cu2+、Zn2+的存在对SRB均有影响,当Cu2+浓度15 mg/L时、Zn2+浓度45 mg/L时对SRB均有抑制作用。新型有机碳源可作为SRB的优良有机碳源,同时可实现以废治废的目的。该成果为实际应用提供了参考。     

基于ASAR GM数据时序特征的农田表层土壤水分的反演

了解农田表层土壤水分的时空变化对反演涝渍害有着十分重要的意义, 针对ASAR GM数据特点提出了在没有地面观测数据地区农田大尺度土壤水分的反演方法,即运用MODIS NDVI数据（空间分辨率为250 m）的农田作物时序特征提取土地利用现状,并以此来校正ASAR GM数据（空间分辨率为1 km）中的混合像素;利用大面积降水后土壤表层湿度水平差异不大的特点,运用非线性回归模型,获取水云模型中的经验系数,运用水云模型将植被和土壤对后向散射的贡献区分开;在获得一个地方长时间土壤后向散射系数空间分布集后,假设其土壤粗糙度不变的情况下,其后向散射系数与土壤表层湿度成正比,运用其时序特征计算出其土壤表层相对体积含水量。运用上述方法,利用79景ASAR GM数据和同时期的MODIS数据,反演了湖北省四湖地区棉田的土壤表层相对体积含水量的时空分布,将其计算值与观测值比较分析后发现,其变化趋势相同、相关系数（R2=0779,n=25）也很高,圴方根误差为963%,表明上述反演方法还是可行了,适用于大尺度农田土壤墒情的反演     

洪涝灾害灾情时间变化特性分析：以中国1736—1911年主要大江大？…

利用已经建立的全国１７３６￣１９１１年洪涝灾害时间序列,拟合各个区域的洪涝灾害长期变化趋势,并通过功率谱分析了时间序列的波动规律;同时,分析了气温、降水等自然因素的变化和人口总量变化、人口空间迁移以及土地利用变化等人文因素变化与灾害增减之间的关系。结果表明,洪涝灾害的波动主要由气候变化等自然因素的波动所引起,而人类活动增强并不断向高风险区扩展是洪涝灾害持续增长的主要原因,最终使洪涝灾害表现为波动中     

城市污泥的特性及管道输送技术研究

城市脱水污泥常见的处置方式是焚烧、燃烧发电、堆肥后土地化利用和填埋等.无论采用哪种无害化、资源化处置方法,输送环节都是必不可少的.城市污泥管道输送技术是以管道输送设备为核心,融合城市污泥的预处理和处置工艺的集成化系统.通过对城市污泥的流变特性和输送特性实验测试,其流变方程符合幂定律关系式;通过环管实验拟合出了污泥在管道中的阻力损失与输送距离和输送流量之间的关系,经验证,其理论计算和实际测定基本相符,证明管道输送方式能够成功地应用于城市污泥的远距离输送,为城市污泥管道输送系统的优化设计提供了理论依据.     

低碳理念在工业园区规划环评中的应用

工业园区是温室气体排放的重要源头之一,工业园区规划环评应在规划的基础上,探讨如何在评价过程中通过制定合理的对策措施,促进园区低碳发展。本文分析了低碳发展理念纳入工业园区规划环评的工作重点,建议规划环评完善评价内容,在原有评价体系中融入园区温室气体排放特征、设定低碳发展评价指标、优化设计能源结构、构建低碳产业体系、低碳发展替代方案以及碳排放跟踪评价等内容,以达到规划环评指导工业园区按低碳路径发展的目的。     

丹江口水库典型消落区土壤氮磷赋存形态及释放特征研究

丹江口水库是南水北调中线工程水源地,调水工程使得水库蓄水并带来水库水位上升,新增淹没区不同土地利用类型土壤由于淹没浸泡可能使其中氮磷等营养物释放,对水库水质构成威胁.本文通过采集丹江口水库典型消落区5种土地利用类型(滩地、草地、荒地、耕地、果园)的表层土壤,选用磷形态标准测试方法(SMT)和氮形态分级浸取方法对消落区土壤氮磷赋存形态进行分析,同时进行土壤氮磷释放模拟实验来考察消落区土壤"淹没-落干"过程的氮磷释放特征.结果表明,东库湾消落区土壤磷素主要以钙结合态磷(Ca-P)存在,其占TP比例范围为54.7%~82.0%,平均值为69.1%.滩地、草地、荒地土壤生物可利用性磷(BAP)占TP比例也基本超过30%.土壤有机硫化物结合态氮(OSFN)含量在139.1~195.0 mg·kg-1之间,占TN比例范围为18.8%~27.0%,是土壤可转化态氮(TF-N)中主要的赋存形态.土壤释放模拟实验显示,耕地、果园这两类新增淹没区土壤在受淹后其更易向水体释放磷素,而消落区土壤氮素整体上呈现向水体缓慢释放的规律."淹没-落干"前后滩地、荒地的BAP含量下降超过20%,果园BAP含量也降低了16%,草地和耕地的BAP含量则维持相对稳定."淹水-落干"实验后耕地、果园土壤IEF-N含量分别下降22.6%、34.2%,这两类新增淹没区土壤在调水淹没后可能会向上覆水水体释放氮素.     

典型喀斯特地区城市热岛效应遥感反演研究——以喀斯特山区城市贵阳为例

随着城市化进程的加速,城市热岛效应越来越受到人们重视.喀斯特地区以其独特的地貌特征,表现出不同的热岛形成和分布情况.本文采用覆盖贵阳市的2001年ETM+和2007年TM遥感影像,进行亮度温度反演,分析热岛分布和形成原因.研究表明:除了常规热岛外,在贵阳市还广泛存在着与喀斯特的分布和石漠化的形成有着密切联系的异常热岛区...