Removal of methyl chloroform in a coastal salt marsh of eastern China

The atmospheric burden of methyl chloroform (CH(3)CCl(3)) is still considerable due to its long atmospheric lifetime, although CH(3)CCl(3) emissions have declined considerably since it was included into the Montreal Protocol. Moreover, CH(3)CCl(3) emissions are used to estimate hydroxyl radical (OH) levels, trends, and hemispheric distributions, and thus the mass balance of the trace gas in the atmosphere is critical for characterizing OH concentrations. Salt marshes may be a potential sink for CH(3)CCl(3) due to its anoxic environment and abundant organic matter in sediments. In this study, seasonal dynamics of CH(3)CCl(3) fluxes were measured using static flux chambers from April 2004 to January 2005, along an elevational gradient of a coastal salt marsh in eastern China. To estimate the contribution of higher plants to the gas flux, plant aboveground biomass was experimentally harvested and the flux difference between the treatment and the intact was examined. In addition, the flux was analyzed in relation to soil and weather conditions. Along the elevational gradient, the salt marsh generally acted as a net sink of CH(3)CCl(3) in the growing season (from April to October). The flux of CH(3)CCl(3) ranged between -3.38 and -32.03 nmol m(-2)d(-1) (positive for emission and negative for consumption), and the maximum negative rate occurred at the cordgrass marsh. However, the measurements made during inundation indicated that the mudflat was a net source of CH(3)CCl(3). In the non-growing season (from November to March), the vegetated marsh was a minor source of CH(3)CCl(3) when soil was frozen, the emission rate ranging from 3.43 to 7.77 nmol m(-2)d(-1). However, the mudflat was a minor sink of CH(3)CCl(3) whether it was frozen or not in the non-growing season. Overall, the coastal salt marsh in eastern China was a large sink for the gas, because the magnitude of consumption rate was lager than that of emission, and because the duration of the growing season was longer than that of the non-growing season. Plant aboveground biomass had a great effect on the flux. Comparative analysis showed that the direction and magnitude of the effect of higher plants on the flux of CH(3)CCl(3) depended on timing of sampling vegetation type. In the growing season the plant biomass decreased the gas flux and acted as a large sink of the gas, whereas it presented as a minor source in the non-growing season. However, the mechanism underlying plant uptake process is not clear. The CH(3)CCl(3) flux was positively related to the dissolved salt concentration and organic matter content in soil, as well as light intensity, but it was negatively related to soil temperature, sulfate concentrations, and initial ambient atmospheric concentrations of CH(3)CCl(3). Our observations have important implications for estimation of the tropospheric lifetime of CH(3)CCl(3) and global OH concentration from the global budget concentration of CH(3)CCl(3).     

中外能源形势及电力发展状况研究

介绍了世界主要发达国家的能源形势、能源政策以及电力发展状况,分析了国内外能源形势、政策与电力工业发展之间的关系,提出在我国能源利用及电力发展方面应加大天然气发电以及IGCC发电力度、提高能源的利用效率以及工业用电效率、大力发展可再生能源发电、加快核电发展等政策建议。     

低碳经济与湖南转变经济发展方式

湖南在加快转变经济发展方式的进程中,从"一化三基"到"四化两型"的战略升级,更加注重培育以低碳排放为特征的新的经济增长点,把环保作为转变发展方式的"闸门"和"调节阀",着力推进自主创新,培育战略性新兴产业,建设低碳城市,全面推进湘江流域环境综合整治,打造湘潭九华示范区"两型"产业平台,多措并举发展低碳经济,在新的更高起点上推动湖南又好又快发展.     

类芬顿试剂液相氧化法脱硝的实验研究

以类芬顿试剂(H2O2/Fe3+/UV)液相氧化法脱硝,探讨了液相催化和类芬顿脱硝反应的机理及其关系.研究了H2O2浓度、[H2O2]/[Fe3+]、初始pH值、气体流量、紫外光和H2O2投加方式对NO去除率的影响.结果表明,脱硝效率随H2O2浓度增加而升高;H2O2浓度一定时,Fe3+浓度的增加有利于NO的脱除,[H2O2]/[Fe3+]=6时,脱硝效率最高;当初始pH值3时,pH值升高,脱硝效率下降,初始pH值为3时脱硝效果最好;NO去除率随气体流量的增加而下降;紫外光的照射能提高脱硝效率;分3次等量投加H2O2可以使脱硝效率维持在80%左右.     

环境监测数据审核体系的回顾与展望

回顾了中国环境监测数据审核体系发展历程,指出了当前环境监测数据审核在国家、运作和研究层面上存在的问题。提出,在国家层面上,应建立健全环境监测数据QA/QC法律体系;在运作层面上,环境监测机构应建立健全环境监测数据审核管理机制;在研究层面上,应开展监测数据合理性、相关性审核研究。     

Hydrological adjustment and flooding control of wetlands in the Liaohe Delta

The function of estuary wetland on hydrological adjustment and flooding control is studied in this paper,It is estimated that the evapotranspiration in reed field during growth season(June to October)is 722.9 mm,which is 37.5% igher than large water body(E601:525.9mm).The water replacement rate in the reed field can reach 95% only when the rains continously for 11 days and the precipitation reached 912mm.For the water balance in the paddy field ,the total water requirement ranges between 1920 and 1860 mm,among which,31% is from precipitation,and the left is provided by reseroirs.The water usage efficiency is 0.35% at present productivity.Based on the landscape storage area;flooding discharge area;flood diversion area in emergency;and flood control drainage area.     

一起110kV整体预制干式电缆终端故障分析

对某故障的110kV整体预制干式电缆终端进行检测、解体分析,结合其运维状况判断其在安装完毕后未进行可靠固定,以致在外力作用下发生摆动、弯曲致应力锥移位,从而造成电缆绝缘屏蔽断口处局部场强过高而发生击穿,针对故障原因对整体预制干式电缆终端的质量控制提出了建议。     

The role of black carbon as a catalyst for environmental redox transformation

Black carbon (BC) is an important class of geosorbents that control the fate and transport of organic pollutants in soil and sediment. We previously demonstrated a new role of BC as an electron transfer mediator in the abiotic reduction of nitroaromatic and nitramine compounds by Oh and Chiu (Environ Sci Technol 43:6983-6988, 2009). We proposed that BC can catalyze the reduction of nitro compounds because it contains microscopic graphitic (graphene) domains, which facilitate both sorption and electron transfer. In this study, we assessed the ability of different types of BC--graphite, activated carbon, and diesel soot--to mediate the reduction of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) and 2,4-dibromophenol (DBP) by H(2)S. All three types of BC enhanced DNT and DBP reduction. H(2)S supported BC-mediated reduction, as was observed previously with a thiol reductant. The results suggest that BC may influence the fate of organic pollutants in reducing subsurface environments through redox transformation in addition to sorption.