焦化厂土壤和地下水中PAHs分布特征及其污染过程

以煤炭为原料的焦化厂是环境中PAHs的主要人为污染源. 针对US EPA(美国国家环境保护局)优先控制的16种PAHs,对苏南某生产历史长达16 a、面积为44.58×104 m2的焦化厂土壤样品中的w(PAHs)以及地下水样品中的ρ(PAHs)进行了分析,并采用统计学方法对PAHs的分布规律进行了研究. 结果表明:表层土壤中除二苯并[a,h]蒽外,其他15种PAHs均被检出;w(2~3环PAHs)平均值占w(∑PAHs)平均值的92.6%,明显高于w(4~6环PAHs). 地下水中只检出强亲水性的萘、二氢苊、苊、芴、菲、蒽等6种低环PAHs,但未迁移至厂外. 厂区内土壤和地下水中PAHs污染均具有典型的区域分布特征,并且均为化厂车间最严重. 土壤防污性能的差异使PAHs在3.0 m黏土层〔K_y(垂向渗透系数)=1.28×10-8 cm/s〕中富集. 高环PAHs主要与有机质结合以固相迁移,因w(TOC)随深度增加而下降,部分高w(高环PAHs)点位土壤有机质吸附过饱和,未被吸附的高环PAHs向深层迁移至5.0 m含水层顶板,但因强疏水性未进入7.0 m含水层. 强亲水性低环PAHs以溶解态迁移进入含水层,但因地下水流动缓慢(流速为3.71×10-6 cm/s),PAHs污染区仅集中在化厂车间及其附近区域.      

2014年10月中国东部持续重污染天气成因分析

2014年10月5─13日中国东部发生了大范围、长时间的(雾)霾及重污染天气. 采用AQI数据分析此次大气重污染过程的时、空演变特征,并应用NCEP(美国国家环境预报中心)再分析资料以及地面、小球探空数据,分析了主要天气型演变、边界层及上空的风场、气象条件特征,以研究此次秋季重污染天气的气象成因和形成过程. 结果表明:①华北、东北是此次污染最为严重的地区,其域内各城市持续数日的污染演变可分为AQI显著上升、持续高值、下降3个阶段. ②在AQI上升阶段(10月6—8日),受大陆高压控制,东部地区出现较弱地方风场和偏南风输送风场,风速在0～2 m/s,相对湿度在22%～86%,3 000 m逆温显著利于污染物积累. ③在持续污染阶段(10月8—11日),海上高压滞留,再加上台风“凤凰”北上阻挡大陆高压影响,使东部地区出现持续4 d的偏南风、偏东风弱风场,风速在1～4 m/s,相对湿度为57%～96%,造成严重污染. ④在AQI下降阶段(10月11—12日),后续大陆高压南下,前部冷锋利于污染物清除,风速达到6 m/s,是AQI降低的主要天气背景场. 因此,持续出现的稳定天气形势是导致此次中国东部重污染天气的主要气象原因.      

长江-洪泽湖段突发跨界污染风险交流信息图谱研究

在分析我国当前环境风险交流存在问题基础上,将信息图谱引入到流域突发跨界环境污染风险交流中.参考公共卫生领域信息图谱制定步骤,结合突发跨界环境污染风险管理特点与要求,构建流域突发跨界环境污染利益相关方构架体系.编制流域突发跨界环境污染事件利益相关方问题清单框架,对流域突发跨界环境污染利益相关方问题计算权重,按权重大小进行排序分类.以南水北调东线工程长江-洪泽湖段为研究区域,绘制风险交流信息图谱,利用ArcGIS制作信息图谱单元图以及单元表实现对海量信息资料的挖掘、提炼与表达,不仅满足了利益相关方对于信息的迫切需求,提高了环境风险交流效率,保证了突发跨界环境污染应急处理处置措施的有力实施.同时也为利益相关方进行有效的风险沟通提供了预见性、准确的关键信息与支持信息,为流域突发跨界环境污染风险决策提供辅助信息工具.     

输氧抽气技术在垃圾填埋场治理中的关键参数试验研究

输氧抽气技术是基于好氧降解原理对垃圾填埋场中固体废弃物实施原位处理的先进环保技术。采用该技术对垃圾填埋场中固体废弃物减量化研究,总结了技术应用中的关键参数:有效影响半径,最佳真空度等。结果表明抽气流量大小与影响半径密切相关,抽气影响半径建议取20~25 m,抽气系统最优负压为20 k Pa,同时在技术应用过程中应保证垃圾场表层覆盖层的密封性能,尽量减少空气的渗入。输氧抽气技术在垃圾场的成功实施为同类型场地治理提供工程技术参考。     

碳酸盐体系中pH对Cu2+诱导结晶过程的影响

在流化床中,以含Cu2+废水为处理对象,考察了碳酸盐体系中pH的改变对Cu2+诱导结晶过程的影响. 结果表明:当进水ρ(Cu2+)为200 mg/L、沉淀剂pH为10.2时,经回流系统拦截,微晶产率可降低0.5%~1.0%,Cu2+的去除率可达99.0%以上. 经XRD(X射线衍射)分析表明,结晶产物以碱式碳酸铜为主,晶型呈短杆状,尺寸较为均一;当沉淀剂pH升至12.2时,Cu2+的去除率降至95.0%,系统出水结晶产物晶型特征不明显,尺寸不均,XRD结果显示为氢氧化铜、碱式碳酸铜、碳酸钙等混合结晶产物,晶体衍射峰多存在宽化现象,表明高pH下结晶产物晶化程度较低.      

The feasibility of concentrated rural settlement in a context of post‐disaster reconstruction: a study of China

There is growing appreciation of the use of concentrated rural settlement as an effective means of implementing infrastructure projects and helping to achieve sustainable development in rural areas. This occurs in China through the exchange of rural residential land for urban construction. However, this policy has not been effective under normal circumstances (called development‐driven conditions) as frequently farmers are reluctant to accept such an exchange. By contrast, in a time of disaster, such as after the 2008 earthquake in Sichuan Province, China, rural victims have accepted this policy of rural residential land exchange. Employing game theory, this paper identifies the reasons for the different outcomes and it contends that the implementation of concentrated rural settlement practice under disaster‐induced conditions is more effective than its introduction under development‐driven conditions. The results of the analysis indicate that, in China, concentrated rural settlement is feasible in a context of post‐disaster reconstruction.     

Distribution and sources of phthalate esters in the topsoils of Beijing,China

Phthalate esters in the topsoil samples collected from Beijing were determined by derivatization and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry techniques. The results showed that diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate ester (DIBP), dibutyl phthalate ester (DBP), dibutyl (2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and dimethyl phthalate (DMP) were found in the topsoils. The total concentrations of the five phthalate esters varied from 2.30 to 24.71 μg g^?1. According to phthalate esters (PAEs) control standards in soil of the USA, the standard exceeding rates of DMP, DBP, and DEHP were 100 %, 100 %, and 4.84 % in soils of Beijing, respectively. The rate of DBP exceeding soil remediation standard was 12.9 %. Overall, concentrations of PAEs in Beijing were at a high level in China. The concentrations of DBP, DEHP, and DIBP were high, and the total concentrations of all the phthalate esters were higher in the areas with intensive human activities than in the other areas, which may be related to the use of phthalate compounds (such as the use of plastic products). The total and individual concentrations of phthalate compounds were relatively low in the areas that used plastic films compared with other samples due to the diffusion of atmospheric motion, categories, and amounts of plastic products and other factors. The greatest contributor may be the usage amount of plastic products in people’s daily lives.     

采用TSF技术改善电力变压器运行的安全性

分析了无功功率和高次谐波对电力变压器的危害,介绍了晶闸管投切滤波器(TSF)装置的特点、结构原理．提出了TSF装置在工厂实际应用中的主电路结构,操作及控制方案。实践证明,TSF晶闸管投切滤波器装置起到了高效节能、优化电能质量的作用,保证了电网的安全运行。     

"孤岛"综放开采安全措施研究

根据“孤岛”综放工作面在开采各时期的矿压显现特征,研究了具有针对性的有效防治措施,执行后可实现安全生产,取得了良好的社会效益和经济效益,具有推广应用价值。     

园林植物挥发油成分分析及抗菌活性测定

运用试管稀释法和平板涂布法,测定黄皮,白皮松,香榧,侧柏,龙柏,雪松,圆柏等7种常见园林植物的挥发油对表皮葡萄球菌,金黄色葡萄球菌,大肠杆菌及绿脓杆菌的抗菌活性(包括抑菌和杀菌两个方面)。结果显示,所有供试植物挥发油均具有一定的抗菌活性。对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性为侧柏=龙柏>圆柏>雪松>香榧;对表皮葡萄球菌的抑菌活性为侧柏>圆柏>龙柏=雪松=黄皮>白皮松>香榧;仅圆柏挥发油对大肠杆菌具有抑菌作用,所有供试植物挥发油对绿脓杆菌均无抑菌作用。实验证明,圆柏,侧柏,龙柏,雪松具有较强抗菌活性,是较为理想的城市生态保健型绿化模式的栽培树种。