燃煤电站工业污泥掺烧技术的全生命周期费用(LCC)分析

采用全生命周期费用(LCC)分析方法,建立燃煤电站工业污泥干化掺烧工程评价指标体系,对一燃煤电站进行直接干化工艺与间接干化工艺全生命周期成本计算(包括设备投资、改造成本、干化运行成本、掺烧成本以及维护管理成本),采用层次-灰关联分析法进行分析,结果表明,在该工程中,间接干化初始设备投资较高而运行成本低,入厂含水率越高、全生命周期越长,间接干化较之直接干化优势越大;污泥干燥初始含水率对该工程的经济性具有较大影响,而目标含水率相差15%,其他条件不变时,其成本变化最大仅为1.25%;评价指标权重分配结果表明,对决策影响最大3项分别为环境成本(0.57)、运行成本(0.177)以及初始设备投资(0.082)。基于此开发了燃煤电站工业污泥掺烧经济性计算软件,实现工业污泥在燃煤电站干化掺烧成本分析的迅速和准确化。     

中国火灾科学的今天和明天

对我国火灾科学研究的现状和发展趋势进行了综述 ,介绍了火灾科学的兴起、我国火灾科学的发展以及火灾科学国家重点实验室的建立 ,并对我国火灾科学的未来进行了展望。     

龙岩城区空气污染成因分析及控制

通过分析多年的环境监测数据，确定龙岩市城区环境空气首要污染物是TSP。同时对TSP污染原因进行了较详细的分析，并对TSP的控制提出切实可行的方案。     

企业一体化管理体系实施模式探讨

笔者依据ISO90 0 1、ISO14 0 0 1及OHSAS180 0 1标准 ,为企业进行质量、环境及职业安全健康管理体系整合并实现一体化管理提出了实施模式     

盐矿安全问题及环境污染的防治

我国水溶开采岩盐的回采率较低 ,主要是由盐井事故 (如卤水渗漏、地面冒卤等 )引起的。盐矿旱采残渣堆存地面 ,水溶开采中顶板跨塌、冒卤 ,卤水输送过程中管壁渗漏等对土壤造成污染 ,可采用种植耐盐植物、客土和深翻的方法进行改良。卤水对区内地表水污染 ,造成某些水域中氯化物含量超出农用灌溉水标准 ,可将制盐废水用于水溶回采和生产化工产品的原料 ,氯化钠含量较高的废水可回收其中的盐分 ;制盐过程空气中飞扬的盐尘 ,可采用旋风除尘器除尘 ,车间内也可用水喷洒处理 ,采用种植耐盐植物净化车间周边空气。岩盐矿床常伴生天然气 ,其在卤水中有一定的溶解度 ,可采取多次预热的方法实现气卤分离 ,且回收的甲烷可作为能源使用     

大气污染物质的干性沉着及其计测

在分析了大气污染物质干性沉着特点的基础上，重点讨论了干性沉着短期计测的扩散管法和4段滤纸法以及求算气体流束F的涡相关法，倾度法和热平衡法，这对我国进一步开展大气污染物质干性沉着机理的解明及其对环境影响的把握研究具有重要意义。     

机械制造厂综合废水处理工艺

提出了机械制造综合废水污染处理方案。为了减少投资,减少总占地面积和降低运行成本,将涂装废水、机加工切削废液、饭堂的生活污水等混合起来进行集中综合处理。为了确定最佳的处理方案,进行了预处理工艺试验,取得了一系列的试验数据,并将这些结果和生化处理经验,应用于机械制造厂的废水处理,取得良好效果。     

Reductive dechlorination for remediation of polychlorinated biphenyls

Technologies such as thermal, oxidative, reductive, and microbial methods for the remediation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have previously been reviewed. Based on energy consumption, formation of PCDD/F, and remediation efficiency, reductive methods have emerged as being advantageous for remediation of PCBs. However, many new developments in this field have not been systematically reviewed. Therefore, reductive technologies published in the last decade related to remediation of PCBs will be reviewed here. Three categories, including catalytic hydrodechlorination with H₂, Fe-based reductive dechlorination, and other reductive dechlorination methods (e.g., hydrogen-transfer dechlorination, base-catalyzed dechlorination, and sodium dispersion) are specifically reviewed. In addition, the advantages of each remediation technology are discussed. In this review, 108 articles are referenced.     

Removing perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid from solid matrices, paper, fabrics, and sand by mineral acid suppression and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

The removal of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from solid matrices has received considerable attention because of the environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential toxicity of these compounds. This study presents a simple method using concentrated HNO₃ as a suppression agent, and methanol-modified supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc-CO₂) extraction for removing PFOS and PFOA from solid matrices. The optimal conditions were 16 M HNO₃ and 20% (v/v) methanol containing Sc-CO₂, under a pressure of 20.3 MPa and a temperature of 50 °C. Extraction time was set at 70 min (40 min for static and 30 min for dynamic extraction). PFOA and PFOS were identified and quantitated by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The extraction efficiencies (with double extractions) were close to 100% for PFOA and 80% for PFOS for both paper and fabric matrices. The extraction efficiencies for sand were approximately 77% for PFOA and 59% for PFOS. The results show that this method is accurate, and effective, and that it provides a promising and convenient approach to remediate the environment of hazardous PFOA and PFOS contamination.     

Arsenic accumulation and resistance mechanism in Panax notoginseng, a traditional rare medicinal herb

Panax notoginseng, a traditional rare Chinese medicinal herb, was recently found to bring health risk to consumers, mainly because soil in its major plantation area was contaminated by arsenic (As). We investigated the effect of soil As pollution on the growth and As uptake of pot-cultured P. notoginseng, and the associated mechanisms of As stressed response. Results showed that, comparing with P. notoginseng growing in a low-As soil, the root, stem, and leaf biomasses of those growing in a high-As soil significantly reduced by 0.75, 0.09 and 0.21 g seedling⁻¹, respectively. Arsenic concentrations in roots, stems and leaves of the seedlings growing in high-As soil were 22, 15 and 3 times higher than those growing in low-As soil, respectively. Regardless of the soil As concentration, As existed in plants mainly as As(III), suggesting that the reduction of As(V) is a key step in As metabolism. Arsenic was distributed primarily in cell walls (51.7% for plants growing in the low-As soil, and 51.5% in the high-As soil), followed by cytoplasm supernatant, with cell organelles containing the least As. Compared with plants growing in the low-As soil, those in the high-As soil had increased superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities in their roots, stems, and leaves, which would be associate with improving the resistance of P. notoginseng to As stress. The results suggest that there exists some special mechanisms of As-tolerance in P. notoginseng and the study is of significance in developing measures to reduce As in the herb.