沉积物中雌激素及壬基酚、辛基酚、双酚A的测定

近些年来雌激素及烷基酚类化合物由于其对水生生物的内分泌干扰作用越来越受到广泛关注.沉积物作为环境中有机污染物的重要储存库,研究目标物在其中的浓度分布对于探明此类物质在环境中的迁移转化具有重要意义.但沉积物中基质组成复杂而雌激素又痕量存在,这增加了前处理的难度.本研究从雌激素及烷基酚类化合物的理化性质入手,采用碱液提取、液液萃取和LC-MS/MS分析测定沉积物样品中的雌激素及壬基酚、辛基酚、双酚A.结果表明,经过优化的方法对7种目标物的回收率介于61.9%～93.7%之间.该方法能有效去除沉积物中那些不溶于强碱和既溶于酸又溶于碱的有机污染物,同时操作简单、成本低,但回收率高、检出限低,可广泛适用于河流沉积物样品及土壤样品的前处理.     

氟虫双酰胺在水稻和稻田中的残留动态研究

采用超高效液相色谱法(UPLC)测定了氟虫双酰胺19.8%悬浮剂(SC)在水稻及稻田环境中的残留动态.结果表明,当氟虫双酰胺及其代谢产物NNI-des-iodo的添加量为0.05～1.0 mg·kg-1时,其在水稻田土壤、田水、稻秆、稻米和稻壳中的平均回收率为78.2%～104.8%,变异系数为1.1%～4.4%.氟虫双酰胺在2011年三地(福建福州、天津、江苏南京)的稻田水中的降解半衰期为9.8～17.3 d,土壤中10.8～22.4 d,植株中7.6～17.3 d,其在稻田水样品中检出了代谢产物NNI-des-iodo,而在土壤和植株样品中未检出.在推荐使用剂量下,于末次施药10 d后,氟虫双酰胺在水稻稻米中的残留量均低于美国规定的在稻谷上的最大残留允许量(0.5 mg·kg-1).     

有序介孔碳载金/L-赖氨酸/纳米金修饰电极的制备及其对邻苯二酚、对苯二酚的检测响应研究

通过化学还原的方法合成有序介孔碳负载纳米金粒子,并构筑有序介孔碳载金/L-赖氨酸/纳米金复合膜修饰玻碳电极;利用扫描电镜观察介孔碳和介孔碳复合膜的微观结构,并用循环伏安法、电化学阻抗谱表征自组装电极的过程.在此基础上用差分脉冲伏安法研究对苯二酚和邻苯二酚混合物在该电极上的电催化氧化,研制了一种基于有序介孔碳载金/L-赖氨酸/纳米金复合膜修饰电极分别检测对苯二酚和邻苯二酚的传感器.在最优的实验条件下,该传感器在对苯二酚和邻苯二酚浓度为1×10-6～8×10-4mol·L-1的范围内具有良好的线性关系,检出限分别为3×10-7mol·L-1、7×10-7mol·L-1.     

闽南城市区域空气中挥发性有机物的污染特征

采用美国EPA TO-15的方法,研究了2011年3月份闽南城市区域空气中VOCs的含量及其污染特征。结果表明:1)漳州工业区空气的VOCs浓度为200.5μg/m3,污染较为严重;厦门交通干道VOCs浓度为74.0μg/m3,泉州商住区的VOCs浓度77.1μg/m3,污染较轻。2)漳州工业区采样点TOP5占TVOCs的比例最高,达77.3%;厦门交通干道与泉州商住区两采样点的TOP5占TVOCs的比例相近,分别为64.1%和62.0%。在所有的采样点中出现的TOP5组分比较集中,主要包括甲苯、苯、二氯甲烷、异丙醇、乙酸乙酯、1,1-二氯乙烯、萘等。3)机动车尾气的排放、工业溶剂的挥发和废气排放可能是厦漳泉三地大气VOCs的主要排放源。4)厦漳泉的BTEX主要来源于汽车尾气和汽油挥发;其中厦门和泉州BTEX浓度相比较处在较低污染水平,漳州处在中等水平。     

我国工业固体废物的产生特征及控制对策

工业固体废物是固体废物的重要组成部分。根据我国最近10年发布的工业固体废物统计数据,全面分析了我国工业固体废物的产生特点,研究了工业固体废物产生量、利用量和处置量、工业固体废物区域和行业分布特点以及与工业产值的关系,并针对我国工业固体废物管理存在的问题,提出了相应的对策和建议。     

Competitive sorption between 17α-ethinyl estradiol and bisphenol A/4-n-nonylphenol by soils

The sorption of 17α-ethinyl estradiol(EE2),bisphenol A(BPA),and 4-n-nonylphenol(NP) in single systems and the sorption of EE2 with different initial aqueous concentrations of BPA or NP were examined using three soils.Results showed that all sorption isotherms were nonlinear and fit the Freundlich model.The degree of nonlinearity was in the order BPA(0.537-0.686) > EE2(0.705-0.858) > NP(0.875-0.0.951) in single systems.The isotherm linearity index of EE2 sorption calculated by the Freundlich model for Loam,Silt Loam and Silt increased from 0.758,0.705 and 0.858,to 0.889,0.910 and 0.969,respectively,when BPA concentration increased from 0 to 1000 μg/L,but the effect of NP was comparably minimal.Additionally,EE2 significantly suppressed the sorption of BPA,but insignificantly suppressed that of NP.These findings can be attributed to the difference of sorption affinity of EE2,NP and BPA on the hard carbon(e.g.,black carbon) of soil organic matter that dominated the sorption in the low equilibrium aqueous concentration range of endocrine-disrupting chemicals(EDCs).Competitive sorption among EDCs presents new challenges for predicting the transport and fate of EDCs under the influence of co-solutes.     

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of quantum-dot-sensitized one-dimensionally-ordered ZnO nanorod photocatalyst

An efficient photocatalyst was fabricated by assembling quantum dots （QDs） onto one-dimensionally-ordered ZnO nanorods, and the photocatalytic properties for Methyl Orange degradation were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy and photoluminescence. The results indicate that the catalyst with assembled QDs is more favorable for the degradation than the pristine ZnO nanorods. The QDs with core-shell structure lower the photocatalytic ability due to the higher carder transport barrier of the ZnS shell layer. Besides its degradation efficiency, the photocatalyst has several advantages given that the one-dimensionally-ordered ZnO nanorods have been grown directly on indium tin oxide substrates. The article provides a new method to design an effective and easily recyclable photocatalyst.     

Research on the evolvement of morphology of coking coal during the coking process

The evolvement of morphology and structure of the coal with different metamorphic degrees during coking process in the vertical furnace was investigated by infrared Image detector. Moreover, the temperature distribution in the radial direction and the crack formation were also studied in heating process. The results show that the amount of crack and the shrinkage level of char decrease with the coal rank rising. In addition, the initial temperature of crack formation for char increases with the coal rank rising.     

Simultaneous preconcentration of cadmium and lead in water samples with silica gel and determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

A new method that utilizes pretreated silica gel as an adsorbent has been developed for simultaneous preconcentration of trace Cd(II) and Pb(II) prior to the measurement by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The effects of pH, the shaking time, the elution condition and the coexisting ions on the separation/preconcentration conditions of analytes were investigated. Under optimized conditions, the static adsorption capacity of Cd(II) and Pb(II) were 45.5 and 27.1mg/g, the relative standard deviations were 3.2% and 1.7% (for n = 11), and the limits of detection obtained were 4.25 and 0.60 ng/mL, respectively. The method was validated by analyzing the certified reference materials GBW 07304a (stream sediment) and successfully applied to the analysis of various treated wastewater samples with satisfactory results.     

Supercritical water oxidation of polyvinyl alcohol and desizing wastewater：Influence of NaOH on the organic decomposition

Polyvinyl alcohol is a refractory compound widely used in industry. Here we report supercritical water oxidation of polyvinyl alcohol solution and desizing wastewater with and without sodium hydroxide addition. However, it is difficult to implement complete degradation of organics even though polyvinyl alcohol can readily crack under supercritical water treatment. Sodium hydroxide had a significant catalytic effect during the supercritical water oxidation of polyvinyl alcohol. It appears that the OH ion participated in the C-C bond cleavage of polyvinyl alcohol molecules, the CO2-capture reaction and the neutralization of intermediate organic acids, promoting the overall reactions moving in the forward direction. Acetaldehyde was a typical intermediate product during reaction. For supercritical water oxidation of desizing wastewater, a high destruction rate (98.25%) based on total organic carbon was achieved. In addition, cases where initial wastewater was alkaline were favorable for supercritical water oxidation treatment, but salt precipitation and blockage issues arising during the process need to be taken into account seriously.