北美自由贸易区和欧盟的区域性环境政策浅析

环境因素逐渐成为影响全球和各国经济的重要因素，以北自由贸易区和欧盟为代表的区域性经济集团在环境态度及政策取向上已日趋一致，在对这２个区域性经济集团的环境制度性安排的特点进行分析后，探讨了在未来可持续增长模式下，世界环境政策发展的趋势；同时也分析了我国应积极采取的对策。     

生物测试法应用于判别除草剂环境污染

在实验室条件下进行了阿特拉津、乙草胺、甲磺隆3种除草剂对玉米根长抑制试验.结果表明,受试玉米对3种除草剂的敏感顺序为甲磺隆＞乙草胺＞阿特拉津.将此结果应用于农药环境污染事故的调查与诊断工作中,对污染因子进行了初步的分析和判定.     

基于扇区单元的航路交通流复杂度研究

空中交通航路交通流复杂度越来越高,威胁整个航路的正常运行,严重时甚至影响航空器的运行安全。为研究和解决扇区航路交通流复杂度较高的问题,了解了造成航路交通流复杂度较高的原因。基于航空器的基本运动学方程,列出了航空器运动过程中27种典型的飞行状态组合。考虑航空器的临近效应、速度差异和汇聚梯度3个影响航路交通流复杂度的主要因素,分别建立了相应的测量模型,从3个方面研究对航路交通流复杂度造成的影响,然后采用加权求和的方式求得三方面综合对航路交通流复杂度的影响程度。以雷达模拟机数据作为仿真验证对象,通过MATLAB软件对建立的模型进行了仿真验证     

Property rights integrity,tenure security and forestland rental market participation: Evidence from Jiangxi Province,China

The decentralization of property rights is the focus of the forest tenure reforms in several developing countries. In China, it was achieved by the launch of a new round of collective forest tenure reform beginning in 2003, which provided farmers with more integrated and secure forestland rights. Drawing on household data collected in Jiangxi province in 2011 and 2013, this paper examines the impacts of households’ recognition of property rights and improved tenure security on forestland rental activities. Our empirical results show that households with higher perceptions of more complete use rights and mortgage rights have a lower probability and intensity of renting‐in land, while households with lower expectations of future forestland redistribution or expropriation are more likely to rent in forestland and more of it. These results imply that the development of a forestland rental market leading to better forest management requires an integrated forestland management approach consisting of decentralization of property rights and village governance. In particular, the central government may further clarify the rights and obligations affiliated to forestland ownership, contractual rights, and management rights; while the village collective may shift from direct intervention in the integrity and security of forestland rights to the supervision and protection of decentralized forestland rights to increase efficiency from the decentralization of property rights.     

Climatic Controls on Watershed Reference Evapotranspiration Varied during 1961–2012 in Southern China

Reference evapotranspiration (ET_o) is an important hydrometeorological term widely used in understanding and projecting the hydrological effects of future climate and land use change. We conducted a case study in the Qinhuai River Basin that is dominated by a humid subtropical climate and mixed land uses in southern China. Long‐term (1961–2012) meteorological data were used to estimate ET_o by the FAO‐56 Penman–Monteith model. The individual contribution from each meteorological variable to the trend of ET_o was quantified. We found basin‐wide annual ET_o decreased significantly (p < 0.05) by 3.82 mm/yr during 1961–1987, due to decreased wind speed, solar radiation, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and increased relative humidity (RH). However, due to the increased VPD and decreased RH, the ET_o increased significantly (p < 0.05) in spring, autumn, and annually at a rate of 2.55, 0.56, and 3.16 mm/yr during 1988–2012, respectively. The aerodynamic term was a dominant factor controlling ET_o variation in both two periods. We concluded the key climatic controls on ET_o have shifted as a result of global climate change during 1961–2012. The atmospheric demand, instead of air temperature alone, was a major control on ET_o. Models for accurately predicting ET_o and hydrological change under a changing climate must include VPD in the study region. The shifts of climatic control on the hydrological cycles should be considered in future water resource management in humid regions.     

Comparative study on pyrolysis of bamboo in microwave pyrolysis-reforming reaction by binary compound impregnation and chemical liquid deposition modified HZSM-5

The deactivation of catalyst is a significant reason for its limited application during the catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) process. To reduce the coke formation, binary compound impregnation (BCI) and chemical liquid deposition (CLD) were used to modify HZSM-5 catalysts. At the same time, the self-designed microwave reactor separated the pyrolysis of bamboo and catalytic upgrading of primary vapor, which made the catalytic effect more thorough. Experimental results indicated that CLD used TiO₂ deposition to cover external acid sites, while BCI by phosphorus-nickel could cover and partly destroy superficial acid sites through two different ways. Within the scope of the loaded amount studied, the yield of aromatic hydrocarbons in the oil phase increased at first and then decreased, while the coke formation reduced continuously. BTX (benzene, toluene and xylene), the most valuable product in bio-oil, drastically increased by 39.1% and 22.6% respectively over the CLD and BCI modified catalysts. Considering the catalytic performance as well as cost, CLD over HZSM-5 has more advantages in the CFP process to upgrade bio-oil.     

重金属复合污染场地对花背蟾蜍雄性性腺的毒性作用

以花背蟾蜍为研究对象,以包头市某尾矿库南侧受污染的水域湿地和相对无污染的小白河黄河湿地保护区为研究样地。对比分析雄性花背蟾蜍形态学指标、精巢脏器系数、精子动态参数、精子畸形率、性激素、红细胞微核率和DNA损伤等相关指标,研究重金属复合污染场地对花背蟾蜍雄性性腺的毒性效应。结果显示:与小白河湿地相比,尾矿库湿地花背蟾蜍条件因子和精巢脏器系数显著高于小白河湿地(P<0.01)。尾矿库花背蟾蜍精子的鞭打频率显著升高,而精子活力显著降低(P<0.05),精子畸形率、红细胞微核率和DNA损伤均显著高于小白河湿地(P<0.05)。结果表明:尾矿库复合污染通过降低精子质量,增加红细胞微核率和DNA损伤对花背蟾蜍的雄性性腺造成毒理学影响,花背蟾蜍通过升高条件因子和精巢脏器系数来缓解复合污染的毒性胁迫。该成果对重金属复合污染场地两栖类动物种群保护以及生态平衡维护有着积极作用。     

浙江省生态环境保护"十三五"规划中期评估与展望

《浙江省生态环境保护"十三五"规划》在改善全省生态环境质量方面发挥着重要的宏观引领作用。为查找规划实施薄弱环节、发现问题、提出建议,本研究采取定量评估与定性结合的方式,开展规划中期评估研究。结论表明:该规划的约束性指标和预期性指标均完成较好,"三大战役"进展明显,制度改革不断突破,"三大工程"扎实推进。针对管理制度、环境质量、基础能力等六方面的主要问题,提出了严格调度考核、打赢蓝天保卫战、实施碧水行动等八项对策建议。     

可靠性评价方法在炼化企业电网中的应用

介绍了国内外电力系统可靠性发展现状,分析了炼化企业生产特点,着重介绍了炼化企业电力系统可靠性评价内容,比较了公用电网与炼化企业的不同性质,说明了二者可靠性评价方法的不同,最后用计算实例说明了可靠性计算方法在炼化企业电力系统中的应用,根据计算结果提出了加强炼化电网可靠性的措施。