油茶籽壳磁性碳微球的制备及其对PFOS的吸附性能

采用废弃生物质油茶籽壳为碳源,对比不同的Fe_3O_4@C微球修饰方法,以水热法制备了分散性良好,碳层厚度均匀的核壳结构Fe_3O_4@C磁性微球,并使用透射电镜(TEM)、红外光谱(FT-IR)及X射线衍射(XRD)对其进行了表征,研究了该磁性微球对水体中持久性有机污染物PFOS的吸附性能。Fe_3O_4@C磁性微球吸附PFOS仅需约1 h即可达吸附平衡,其吸附动力学更符合拟一级动力学模型(R~2>0.95);Langmuir吸附模型能较好地拟合其等温吸附数据(R~2>0.98),表明Fe_3O_4@C磁性微球对PFOS的吸附为化学吸附占主体作用,倾向于单层吸附,对PFOS的吸附容量为11.61 mg/g。该吸附剂具有良好的磁性能及吸附性能,对水体中PFOS吸附迅速且易于回收,为废弃生物质的高值开发提供了一种可能路径。     

抚仙湖流域城镇污染分析及控制策略

对抚仙湖流域城镇生活污染、城镇径流污染及污水处理设施等进行了全面调查与分析,并提出了相应的污染控制策略。     

考虑黏结性退化的锈蚀PC梁抗弯承载力计算方法∗

钢绞线锈蚀降低了其与混凝土间的黏结性,导致钢绞线与其周围混凝土间的变形不协调,影响预应力混凝土梁的抗弯性能。采用快速锈蚀试验得到了不同锈蚀程度的16个有箍筋和无箍筋拉拔试件,通过拉拔试验得到了试件开始滑移及破坏时的拉拔力;回归了黏结折减系数与锈蚀率之间的关系式,并将其融入到预应力混凝土梁的抗弯承载力分析模型中,提出了考虑黏结性退化的锈蚀预应力混凝土梁抗弯承载力计算方法。试验结果表明：有箍筋试件的黏结强度大于无箍筋试件;随着钢绞线锈蚀水平的增大,箍筋对黏结强度退化的约束作用逐渐减小;黏结折减系数随锈蚀率的增加呈指数函数规律递减。将理论值与本文及已有文献中锈蚀预应力混凝土梁抗弯性能试验结果进行了比较,计算结果表明本方法预测精度较高,最大误差在6%以内,验证了本抗弯承载力计算方法的适用性,可为服役预应力混凝土桥梁抗弯承载力评估提供参考。     

黑龙江省西部地区土地沙化问题及防治对策

本文指出了黑龙江省西部地区土地沙化现象,是我们面临的重要生态问题.为防治土地沙化,要把这项工作纳入政府重要议事日程,尊重自然规律,利学治沙,建设西部地区防风林带,有效的保护生态环境.     

鄱阳湖湿地现状问题与未来趋势

近年来鄱阳湖秋冬季水文呈干枯态势,湿地生态系统及其关键因子也发生了变化。如何合理保护和利用鄱阳湖湿地引起各方关注。系统综述了鄱阳湖湿地生态系统在水文、江湖关系、水质、水鸟栖息地、渔业资源等方面存在的问题,梳理了引起这些问题的外部和内部因素。针对"一切照常"和"水位调控"两种情景,预测了湿地未来的变化趋势,并指出了当前研究中的不确定性问题。研究认为:鄱阳湖秋冬季的低枯水位,对水质、湿地植被、水鸟栖息地以及鱼类食物资源和"三场"(即:产卵场、洄游通道、索饵场)产生了一定不利影响。建议通过模型模拟和情景预测来分析不同调控方案的影响效果,优化调控方案、将生态系统的负面影响降到最低。     

A comparison of techniques to sample salamander assemblages along highland streams of Maryland

Amphibians may be useful indicators of biological condition in small streams so determining which sampling technique maximizes encounters at the least cost and at the optimal time of year is important. Area constrained surveys (ACS), used by the Maryland Biological Stream Survey, were tested against cover board surveys, drift fences with pitfall and funnel traps, quadrat leaf litter searches, and leaf litter bags. Sixteen, 100 m-long sites were established in headwater streams in the Savage River State Forest in Garrett County, Maryland. Each technique was randomly assigned to a 25 m stream section within each overall sampling site, and sites were sampled once each month from May to October (2005) with additional sampling in March and April (2006). Area constrained surveys yielded means of 2.7 taxa and 14.9 total individuals per sampling visit, which was significantly higher than the yield of all other methods in all months except October and March, when yields were low for all techniques. Area constrained surveys were also significantly more cost-effective per taxon and per individual compared to all other methods. September produced the most taxa and individuals, October and March produced the least, and yields for April through August were similar to September. We employed removal sampling at four sites in April 2006, but abundance could not be estimated because a significant linear decrease in the accumulated catch versus catch per unit effort did not occur for three of the sites.     

Variations in PCB concentrations between genders of six warmwater fish species in Lake Logan Martin, Alabama, USA

We collected and analyzed 955 individual fish (six species) for sexual differences in PCB bioaccumulations from a southeastern, USA reservoir. Using 2-way ANCOVAs, we found significant differences in fillet PCB concentrations between sexes for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and spotted bass (Micropterus punctulatus). Striped bass (Morone saxatilus), black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) and freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) did not display differences between sexes in PCB concentrations. We suspect that sexual differences may be due to biological differences in reproduction, relative motility and lipid deposition. For one species (striped bass), sexual differences in PCB concentrations were inconsistent with a study in the Hudson River suggesting that sexual differences in bioaccumulations can change across ecosystems. Two species which did show sexual differences, largemouth bass and channel catfish, are often chosen as representative species (e.g., "piscivore" and "benthivore") in contaminant monitoring in many USA states indicating human consumption and risk management decisions would be improved if an equal number of male and female fish were included in composite PCBs analysis. This could reduce variability in fish PCBs data from which consumption advisories are based.     

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as a source of sediment contamination by toxic organic pollutants and fecal sterols in a semi-enclosed bay in Korea

Toxic organic contaminants and a macrobenthic community were assayed in sediments collected near a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) outfall to assess the impact of WWTP discharges on an aquatic environment. Average concentrations of toxic organic contaminants in sediments from 20 locations were 96.7ng TEQ/kg dry matter for PCDD/Fs, 1.84ng TEQ/kg dry matter for dioxin-like PCBs, 29.1microg/kg dry matter for PBDEs, 411microg/kg dry matter for nonylphenols, 1021microg/kg dry matter for fecal sterols, and 928microg/kg dry matter for PAHs. Concentrations of all the organic contaminants and fecal sterols varied widely and there was a clear decrease in concentration gradients with increasing distances from the WWTP outfall. This result suggests that WWTP activities contribute to contamination by organic chemicals. A survey of benthic organisms showed the dominance of a few polychaete species, indicating a deterioration of the macrobenthic community by the WWTP discharge. Non-parametric multidimensional scaling (MDS) ordination and Spearman correlation analyses showed that organic contamination is associated with the benthic community structure. For polychaete species, the sensitive species for organic contaminants was Paraprionospio pinnata, while contaminant-tolerant species were Spiochaetopterus koreana and Capitella capitata. BIOENV analyses of all locations suggested PCDDs and PCDFs as the major contaminants influencing the structure of the macrobenthic community. The present study highlights that continuous WWTP discharges contribute to severe organic contamination and risks for the benthic community in an aquatic ecosystem.     

地铁区间隧道烟气层化现象研究

以重庆某一地铁区间隧道为原型,搭建了1∶15小尺寸隧道试验台,通过小尺寸试验与FDS 6.5.2数值模拟开展隧道顶部烟气温度分布及分层规律研究。基于Newman提出的烟气层分区条件,研究了不同纵向风速下的烟气分层现象,提出了烟气稳定层化长度的概念,并分析了火源热释放速率及断面型式对烟气层化长度的影响。试验证明了Newman提出的烟气分层计算方法是可信的。结果表明:纵向风速较小时,火源下游能呈现烟气分层现象;烟气稳定层化长度受火源热释放速率影响较大,随热释放速率增大而增大;隧道高度的变化对烟气稳定层化长度的影响较小。     

原铝生产流程温室气体排放主要影响因素的关联度分析

铝是国民经济建设和发展的关键基础材料,然而由其生产过程所产生的大量温室气体排放也逐渐成为政府关注的焦点。本研究计算了我国原铝生产不同年度的生命周期能耗和温室气体排放量,并分析了资源消耗和生产工序能耗等影响因素与温室气体排放的关联性。结果表明,在各年原铝生产的温室气体排放总量中,电力和阳极效应导致的排放所占比重分别为68.5%和7.9%,其他影响因素所占比重均低于6%;与温室气体排放关联度最高的3个影响因素依次是电耗、煤气燃烧和石灰石煅烧,其值分别为0.937、0.899和0.893;在目前铝电耗和阳极效应控制水平提升空间有限的情况下,降低煤气的消耗,提高石灰石的使用效率,是实现原铝生产温室气体减排的有效途径。