中国城镇化进程的工业污染与规制效应分析研究

利用2001年-2012年中国30个省级地区的面板数据,分别估计了城镇化的工业污染总量效应、相对量效应和规制效应.结果发现,不断扩张的工业污染是城镇化进程的“副产品”,城镇化率与工业污染排放总量及密度有显著的回归关系,尽管环境规制力度增强起到了一定抵消作用,但仍未阻止近十余年来工业污染排放总量及密度随城镇化而加剧的态势.为实现城镇化绿色循环低碳发展,中国一方面应继续加强环境规制,推广减排降耗技术,加大政府补贴,另一方面要着重提高企业清洁生产的能力和意愿.     

分置式MBR工艺研究

MBR是将生物处理技术与膜分离技术结合起来的一种高效污水处理工艺,本文通过案例,论证了分置式MBR工艺原理及其优点及其不足,阐述了在推广该项工艺过程中所需要注意的几个问题。     

环境应急监测仪器管理的强化策略分析

随着社会的发展,环境污染的问题引起了人们极大的关注,在社会经济发展的同时要对环境进行保护,一系列的环境监测仪器得到了广泛应用。本文通过对环境应急监测仪器的管理现状的分析,对环境应急监测仪器管理的强化策略进行了探讨。     

The Akoya pearl oyster shell as an archival monitor of lead exposure

The Akoya pearl oyster (Pinctada imbricata) was experimentally exposed to (a) constant levels of lead (Pb) at 180 microg L(-1) for nine weeks, or (b) two short term (pulse) exposures of Pb at 180 microg L(-1) (three weeks each) with an intervening depuration period (three weeks), to assess its utility as an (i) accumulative monitor of Pb contamination and an (ii) archival monitor for discriminating constant versus pulsed Pb exposure events. P. imbricata showed similar reductions in growth (based on shell morphology and wet weight) and Pb accumulation patterns for whole tissue and shell in response to both Pb exposure regimes. Thus the whole oyster was deemed an inappropriate accumulative monitor for assessing short-term temporal variation of Pb exposure and effect. However, using secondary ion mass spectrometry, Pb was shown to accumulate in the successively deposited nacreous layers of the shell of P. imbricata, documenting the exposure history of constant versus pulsed Pb events. Patterns of Pb deposition not only reflected the frequency of Pb exposure events but also their relative durations. Thus, the shell of P. imbricata may be employed as a suitable biological archive of Pb exposure.     

Cancer cluster among police detachment personnel

An apparent cancer cluster at a police detachment in a coastal British Columbia community was investigated. Police personnel suspected that the detachment building may have been a factor. Police personnel (20 current and 154 previous employees) associated with the detachment since 1963, the date of occupancy, were traced. After all 174 cases were contacted directly, or next of kin in case of death, a total of 16 cases of cancer or suspected cancers were reported. Of these 16, eight cases of cancer were confirmed through a cancer registry. Cancers included testicular, cervical, colon, skin (including melanoma), leukemias and lymphomas with an age range of diagnosis between 22 and 44 years. There was no evidence for an underlying event, factor or condition in the police building that could be attributed to the observed cancer cases. A possible association between these cancers and the use of police traffic radar is discussed.     

Development of a Standardised Approach to River Habitat Assessment in Australia

Despite the demonstrated utility of the Australian River Assessment Scheme (AUSRIVAS) to provide national-scale information on the biological condition of rivers, there is no commensurate scheme that can provide standardised information on physical habitat. Existing habitat assessment methods are not suitable for implementation on a national scale, so we present a new habitat assessment protocol that incorporates favorable elements of existing methods. Habitat Predictive Modelling forms the basis for the protocol because it can predict the occurrence of local-scale features from large-scale data, uses the reference condition concept, can be modified to incorporate a range of biologically and geomorphologically relevant variables, and employs a rapid survey approach. However, the protocol has been augmented with geomorphological variables and incorporates principles of hierarchy and geomorphological river zonation. There are four sequential components to the implementation of the protocol: reference site selection, data collection, predictive model construction and assessment of test sites using the predictive models. Once implemented, the habitat assessment protocol will provide a standardised tool for the assessment of river habitat condition at a variety of governance levels.     

An assessment of household willingness to pay for curbside recycling: a comparison of payment card and referendum approaches

Curbside recycling is a tool that communities use to reduce the need for landfill space. This study provides contingent valuation estimates of household willingness to pay (WTP) to continue a curbside recycling program in the face of budget cuts. Comparisons of two forms of the contingent valuation method (CVM) are provided: a single bounded referendum and a payment card. Neither approach emerges as unambiguously superior. Response rates were virtually identical. Both approaches show that support for curbside recycling is highly sensitive to price. Regression results from the payment card provided a more thorough identification of socio-demographic variables associated with WTP than the referendum, but the explanatory power of the two regressions did not differ significantly. The referendum estimates of mean WTP exceed those from the payment card, although the disparities are less than those typically reported in the CVM literature. Local policy makers cited the CVM results as influencing their decisions regarding funding options for the future of the program, and seemed to appreciate the fact that the two approaches provided a fairly narrow range of estimates of WTP. In an era when more of the burden of financing of environmental programs is being shifted to the local level, use of CVM to estimate the WTP of consumers for highly disaggregated goods and services designed to achieve environmental improvement will likely become more relevant to local decision makers who are interested in understanding their constituents' views.     

不同土壤水分下元素化学计量对微生物多样性的塑造特征

土壤元素化学计量特征在塑造微生物多样性方面起着至关重要的作用,而元素化学计量受到土壤含水量的影响。为探究不同土壤水分条件下,有机碳(OC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)及其元素化学计量特征(C?N、C?P和N?P)如何影响土壤微生物多样性,在浙江省20 hm²亚热带森林动态监测样地内共采集1 287份土壤样品。利用Illumina高通量测序技术测定了土壤细菌和真菌的群落组成,并结合土壤理化性质,分析了不同土壤水分下元素和元素化学计量与微生物群落的关系。结果表明,土壤水分能改变元素化学计量特征,进而塑造细菌和真菌群落的多样性。其中,(1)土壤水分显著影响微生物群落的α多样性。相较于高土壤水分,在低土壤水分下,细菌和真菌群落的α多样性分别显著提高了0.830%和2.62%。(2)细菌和真菌的主要门类对土壤水分表现出差异化响应。相较于低土壤水分,高土壤水分显著提高了细菌5个门类和真菌2个门类的相对丰度;并且显著降低了细菌7个门类和真菌2个门类的相对丰度。(3)土壤元素含量和元素化学计量特征与土壤水分呈显著正相关关系。(4)元素化学计量C?N、C?P和N?P与微生物多样性呈...