Investigations of methane emissions from rice cultivation in Indian context

The increasing demand of the growing population requires enhancement in the production of rice. This has a direct bearing on the global environment since the rice cultivation is one of the major contributors to the methane emissions. As the rice cultivation is intensified with the current practices and technologies, the methane fluxes from paddy fields will substantially rise. Improved high yielding rice varieties together with efficient cultivation techniques will certainly contribute to the curtailment of the methane emission fluxes. In this paper, the system dynamic approach is used for estimating the methane emissions from rice fields in India till the year 2020. Mitigation options studied for curtailing the methane emissions include rice production management, use of low methane emitting varieties of rice, water management and fertilizer amendment. The model is validated quantitatively and sensitivity tests are carried out to examine the robustness of the model.     

226Ra and 228Ra in scale and sludge samples and their correlation with the chemical composition

In order to contribute to a future waste management policy related to the presence of technologically enhanced natural occurring radioactive material (TENORM) in the Brazilian petroleum industry, the present work presents the chemical composition and the (226)Ra and (228)Ra content of sludge and scales generated during the offshore E and P petroleum activities in the Campos Basin, the primary offshore oil production region in Brazil. The (226)Ra and (228)Ra content on 36 sludge and scales samples were determined by gamma-spectrometry. Based on X-ray diffractometry results, a chemical analysis schema for these samples was developed. The results have shown that scales are 75% barium and strontium sulfates, with a mean (226)Ra and (228)Ra content of 106 kBq kg(-1) and 78 kBq kg(-1), respectively. On the other hand, sludge samples have a much more complex chemical composition than the scales. The (226)Ra and (228)Ra content in sludge also varies much more than the content observed in the scales samples and ranged from 0.36 to 367 kBq kg(-1) and 0.25 to 343 kBq kg(-1), respectively.     

Nitrogen management considerations for landspreading municipal solid waste compost

Many municipalities have examined composting as an alternative to landfilling for the management of organic solid waste materials. Ultimately these materials will be land-applied and therefore some knowledge of nutrient availability will be necessary to optimize crop yield and minimize environmental risk. Field studies were conducted in 1993 and 1994 on a silt loam and a loamy sand soil in Wisconsin to determine the effect of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) on corn (Zea mays L.) yield, plant nutrient concentration, and soil nitrate N content. Municipal solid waste composts with ages of 7, 36, and 270 d were applied at rates of 22.5, 45, and 90 Mg ha(-1) to small plots. Rates of commercial nitrogen (N) fertilizer, ranging from 0 to 179 kg N ha(-1), were applied to separate plots to determine the N availability from the MSWC. Treatments were applied in the spring and incorporated before planting corn. The 270-d MSWC increased corn whole-plant dry matter and grain yield at each location in both years above the 7- and 36-d MSWC. Rate of MSWC only affected grain yield at the loamy sand site in 1994. Municipal solid waste compost had minimal effect on the levels of plant nutrients in the whole-plant tissue measured at physiological maturity. Nitrate N measured in the top 90 cm of soil was higher throughout the growing season in treatments receiving recommended N fertilizer when compared with any of the MSWC treatments. It was estimated that 6 to 17% of the total N in the 270-d MSWC became available in the first year. The land-application of mature MSWC at the tested rates would be an agronomically and environmentally admissible practice.     

气相色谱快速测定合成脂肪酸的方法研究

本文说明快速气-液色谱研究脂肪酸的情况,这方法是在气相色谱仪的注入口经热解脂肪酸的四甲基铵盐(TMA盐),脂肪酸就在原处进行甲基化,气化分解而形成甲基酯. 实际上,合成脂肪酸气液色谱快速测定中的最佳情况是由于研究过下列参数而取得的:     

Agonistic and antagonistic toxic effects observed with miniaturized growth and luminescence inhibition assays

Kinetic data recordings with miniaturized growth and luminescence inhibition assays with prokaryotes (Pseudomonas putida and Vibrio fischeri) reveal typical sample and species specific growth and light emission patterns respectively. Growth inhibiting influences, based on toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic sample specificities appeared in each growth phase. Agonistic and antagonistic effects of combinations of heavy metals like Cd2+, Hg2+ and Pb2+ and other compounds were easily recognized after accurate curve discussions. Some of the influences that made it more difficult to evaluate toxicological results only by restriction on EC values (effective concentrations) were investigated. The findings may lead to a more comprehensive interpretation of toxicological data and a presumption on the composition of complex samples in terms of screening investigations. Therefore, the conclusions demonstrate the possibilities and limits of kinetic data recordings in chronic and acute toxicity testing.     

地表水悬浮态多环芳烃时空变化特征及主要输入源响应机制

多环芳烃（PAHs）是具有三致效应的一类典型持久性有机污染物,具有较高的生态风险.随着工业不断发展,地表水已成为PAHs重要的汇.由于其疏水性特征,PAHs易附着在地表水悬浮颗粒物表面,逐渐积累并可以随地表水长距离迁移而扩大其污染区域,对人体健康和生态环境造成威胁.因此,对地表水悬浮颗粒物中PAHs长时间尺度的时空分布特征和输入源的定量解析研究,可为生态管控和环境政策的制订,提供重要理论依据.对典型地表水悬浮颗粒物中16种优控PAHs长期监测数据进行分析,采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法评估了PAHs时间变化趋势和突变点;利用小波分析研究其周期变化规律;采用特征比值法和正定矩阵因子分解（PMF）模型分析PAHs的来源,并从拟合优度、因子交换现象和PMF基础运行重现性等方面评估了源解析结果的不确定性.∑₁₆PAHs含量时间变化分析表明,研究区域地表水悬浮颗粒物中∑₁₆PAHs含量呈现显著递减趋势（P<0.05）,平均值最大为6 239μg·kg^-1（2006年）,最小为2 760μg·kg^-1     

基于复合指纹图谱和贝叶斯模型的茅尾海悬浮颗粒物源解析

为明确茅尾海中悬浮颗粒物的来源,采集了茅尾海流域红树林土壤、堤岸土、河口颗粒物、茅尾海沉积物以及湾外颗粒物等悬浮颗粒物潜在源样品.基于多元统计复合指纹图谱方法,筛选出最佳指纹因子组合,进而通过贝叶斯混合模型得出五种潜在源对茅尾海悬浮颗粒物的贡献率.结果表明:Mg、Al、Mn、Pb、Fe五种指纹元素可作为最佳指纹因子组合,累计判别正确率为78%.贝叶斯混合模型结果显示,茅尾海悬浮颗粒物主要来源于河口和湾外输送,贡献率最高达到58.9%和68.6%.其中,靠近河口区域主要受河流汇入影响,其贡献率达到42.2%~58.9%;靠近湾外区域则以湾外颗粒物贡献为主,贡献率达到44.9%~68.6%.各点位的沉积物贡献率均较低,红树林土壤和堤岸土的贡献率都在10%左右.总的来说,由河口汇入和潮汐作用带入的颗粒物是茅尾海悬浮颗粒物的主要来源.     

服装商店火灾的实体灭火试验研究

为研究服装商店火灾蔓延和燃烧的特性及其对消防部队灭火作战的影响,按照真实的场景布置并进行了两次通风条件不同的服装商店火灾的实体灭火试验.试验结果显示由于服装商店内可燃物较多,燃烧耗氧量大,火灾的蔓延和强度受通风状况的影响较大.在供氧充足的情况下,服装商店火灾的蔓延发展可以分为引燃阶段、缓慢发展阶段和快速发展阶段三个阶段.当火灾发展到快速发展阶段的时候,火场的温度和烟气浓度很高,能见度低,灭火困难,导致灭火时间长,消防用水量大.