长江江豚监测现状及展望

长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis)是唯一淡水生活的鼠海豚类,近年来种群数量严重下降,2013年被世界自然保护联盟红色名录列为“极度濒危”,2021年升级为我国国家一级重点保护野生动物,2022年种群有所恢复。长江江豚是长江生态系统健康的指示物种,我国科学家自20世纪50年代开始监测至今,监测方法不断更新完善,对长江江豚现状的了解也越来越充分。该文回顾了截线抽样法、水下被动声学及自动实时监测系统、无人机、环境DNA等监测方法的应用及取得的成效,分析监测方法存在的不足,预测技术发展趋势,提出改进建议,为长江江豚的监测及保护提供基本参考。     

江苏省宿迁市某监测井地下水砷超标原因研究

江苏宿迁市中部某远离工业企业的监测井地下水砷（As）指标连续多期次超《地下水质量标准》（GB/T 14848—2017）Ⅳ类标准限值。为探究该监测井地下水As长期超标原因,通过在监测井附近新钻取岩芯沉积物中不同形态As的提取实验,结合新井和监测井中地下水的同步取样与水质参数的测试,系统分析了监测井点位地下水As超标的原因。研究结果发现,离监测井5 m处的新井地下水As质量浓度不超标,而监测井中As仍超标。对比新井和监测井的水质参数与沉积物中As的赋存形态发现,在还原性和弱碱性的环境条件下,地下水类型及地层沉积物中碳酸盐结合态的变化可能对地下水As质量分数有明显的影响,而铁-锰氧化物结合态与有机物-硫化物结合态的变化对As质量分数超标影响则有限。此外,不排除可能受到成井工艺不规范与监测井受到串层污染的影响。     

碳基层状双金属氢氧化物对含氮污染物的去除研究进展

水中含氮污染物种类繁杂,危害巨大,是亟待解决的环境问题之一.层状双金属氢氧化物(LDH)与多孔碳的复合材料(LDH/C)具备记忆效应、结构可调性、阴离子可交换性等优势,在去除水体中含氮污染物方面极具潜力.根据2015年以来LDH/C研究成果,系统综述了LDH/C的合成方法;详细介绍了LDH/C去除含氮污染物的吸附性能;...     

Analysis of Meteorological Drought Pattern During Different Climatic and Cropping Seasons in Bangladesh

Drought is one of the most frequent natural disasters in Bangladesh which severely affect agro‐based economy and people's livelihood in almost every year. Characterization of droughts in a systematic way is therefore critical in order to take necessary actions toward drought mitigation and sustainable development. In this study, standardized precipitation index is used to understand the spatial distribution of meteorological droughts during various climatic seasons such as premonsoon, monsoon, and winter seasons as well as cropping seasons such as Pre‐Kharif (March‐May), Kharif (May‐October), and Rabi (December‐February). Rainfall data collected from 29 rainfall gauge stations located in different parts of the country were used for a period of 50 years (1961‐2010). The study reveals that the spatial characteristics of droughts vary widely according to season. Premonsoon droughts are more frequent in the northwest, monsoon droughts mainly occur in the west and northwest, winter droughts in the west, and the Rabi and Kharif droughts are more frequent in the north and northwest of Bangladesh. It is expected that the findings of the study will support drought monitoring and mitigation activities in Bangladesh.     

Occurrence and volatility of several trace elements in pulverized coal boiler

The contents of eight trace elements(Mn, Cr, Pb, As, Se, Zn, Cd, Hg) in raw coal, bottom ash and fly ash were measured in a 220 t/h pulverized coal boiler. Factors affecting distribution of trace elements were investigated, including fly ash diameter, furnace temperature, oxygen content and trace elements‘ characters. One coefficient of Meij was also improved to more directly show element enrichment in combustion products. These elements may be classified into three groups according to their distribution: Group 1. Hg, which is very volatile. Group 2: Pb, Zn, Cd, which are partially volatile. Group 3: Mn, which is hardly volatile. Se may be located between groups 1 and 2. Cr has properties of both group ! and 3. In addition, the smaller diameter of fly ash, the more relative enrichment of trace elements (except Mn). The fly ash showed different adsorption mechanisms of trace elements and the volatilization of trace elements rises with furnace temperature. Relative enrichments of trace elements(except Mn and Cr) in fly ash are larger than that in bottom ash. Low oxygen content can not always improve the volatilization of trace elements. Pb is easier to form chloride than Cd during coal combustion. Trace elements should be classified in accordance with factors.     

天津沿岸海水中创伤弧菌的PCR检测和定量

采用普通PCR方法和SYBR Green实时定量PCR方法,根据创伤弧菌16S rDNA和23S rDNA基因间隔序列(internal transcribed spacer,ITS)设计引物,对渤海湾天津沿岸海水中的创伤弧菌进行了定性和定量检测.8个样品采集自天津市汉沽区沿岸海水,采集时间分别为2008年7月、10月和2009年3月、5月.PCR检测结果表明,这些样品都能扩增出276 bp的ITS序列,这些序列和GenBank上的同源序列(DQ462478)的相似性为96%～98%.用SYBR Green实时定量PCR方法测定了8个海水样品,样品中创伤弧菌的浓度为7.12×10~3～8.40×10~5 个/L,表明天津沿岸海水存在严重的创伤弧菌污染.     

星豹蛛头胸部乙酰胆碱酯酶最佳反应体系及其药剂敏感度

利用正交试验法研究5个因素对测定星豹蛛(Pardosa astrigera)头胸部乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性的影响,以建立酶活测定的最佳反应体系.结果表明,各因素对AChE的比活力影响由大到小的顺序为反应体系的pH值、反应时间、酶质量浓度、反应温度和底物浓度.测定AChE活性的最佳反应条件是: 酶质量浓度为12 g·L-1,底物浓度为0.6 mmol·L-1,反应体系pH值为7.0,反应温度为30 ℃,反应时间为5 min.此外,4种杀虫剂对星豹蛛头胸部AChE活性的影响试验结果表明,灭多威、辛硫磷、高效氯氰菊酯、毒死蜱对AChE的抑制中浓度(IC50)分别为7.76×10-5 mol·L-1、1.76×10-4 mol·L-1、4.12×10-4 mol·L-1和4.94×10-4 mol·L-1,并且上述4种杀虫剂对AChE的抑制具有明显的剂量关系.     

火灾中闭式喷头响应时间的概率分布特性研究

喷淋系统中闭式喷头响应时间受火灾增长因子、径向安装距离和喷头响应时间指数等因素的影响。通过对喷头响应时间的模拟数据的统计分析,建立了包含火灾增长因子、径向距离和喷头响应时间指数等参数的喷头响应时间模型。考虑火灾增长因子和径向距离的随机性,获得了喷头响应时间的概率分布特性。研究结果表明,径向距离和火灾增长因子对喷头响应时间的分布特性影响显著。随着火灾增长因子的增大和径向距离的缩小,喷头在较短时间内响应的概率增大。随着径向距离的缩小,喷头响应时间指数对喷头响应时间分布的影响变小。研究可为优化喷头布置和评估喷头响应的有效性提供分析工具。     

北京市几所高校校园安全调查报告

校园安全事关师生人身安全和学校的财产安全,事关教育改革、发展、稳定的大局,加强首都校园安全管理的意义重大。以典型北京高校为例,通过调查研究的方法,客观分析当前首都高校的安全现状,给出开展校园安全管理的基本对策。