电力建设工程重大危险源动态风险界定及级别划分

针对电力建设工程中对危险源动态风险研究不足和混淆重大危险源概念导致的危险源难于分级管理与控制的问题,通过分析相关法律、规范等界定了电力建设工程施工作业场所重大危险源的概念,引入了危险源动态风险系数的概念,从系统安全的角度确定了动态风险系数的19个影响因素,基于此改进了LEC评价法,并划分了施工作业场所重大危险源级别。最后,结合工程实例说明了工程施工作业场所重大危险源定义和动态风险系数引入的必要性,测算了危险源实际风险度,并根据实际风险的划分结果建立了“3+2+1”危险源控制模式,实现了对作业场所重大危险源的有效控制。     

基于JACK的机务人员工作负荷评估

为了客观评估机务人员的工作负荷,选取作业能耗和姿态负荷作为评估机务人员工作负荷的指标。分解A320飞机主轮拆卸的维修任务,确定维修动作参数和姿态参数,使用JACK软件中的新陈代谢模块计算作业能耗,使用JACK软件中的RULA模块计算机务人员的姿态负荷,结果验证了该方法的可行性。相对于传统的评估工作负荷的方法,基于JACK仿真的方法具有省时高效的特点。     

中国道路交通部门减排技术及成本研究

道路交通作为交通部门碳排放的重要来源,将在实现"碳达峰、碳中和"目标的过程中承担重任。碳减排技术成本的研究有利于平衡道路交通机动化发展和"碳达峰、碳中和"目标的实现,是实现道路交通可持续发展的重要措施。为此,基于乘用车、商用客车、轻型商用货车和重型商用货车等车型,结合发动机技术、变速器技术、辅助系统技术和整车技术和新能源车应用等16种关键节能减排技术的减排潜力和成本,建立了2020-2035年我国道路交通碳排放的边际减排成本（MAC）曲线,评估了通过推广车辆节能技术和新能源车等措施来实现减排目标的累积成本。主要得到以下结论:1）相同的车辆节能减排技术,应用在重型商用货车的单位减排成本远小于其他车型,新能源车在乘用车的应用具有很大的减排潜力,但是与其他车型相比并不具有成本优势。2）燃料电池新能源车的单位减排成本远高于纯电动和插电混合动力新能源车,未来需降低燃料电池的生产成本以及氢气的制备、储存和运输成本。3）2020-2035年的减排总成本曲线显示总减排成本先增加后下降的趋势,这表明随着节能减排技术的合理推广,该部门减排阻力在不断下降。     

Tolerance of the black soldier fly,Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) to pH value,pungency, and NaCl in foodstuffs北大核心CSCD

The black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, has been considered impressive as a saprophagous insect, for its high ability to convert organic waste to insect protein and oil. Hence, it has been regarded by the municipal administration that BSF might be used as a medium to deal with food waste. However, food waste in China has been characterized as having a high salt content, oily, and very spicy, which usually renders them unsuitable for animal feeding. In order to assess the technological reliability for BSF conversion of food waste, the tolerance of BSF for pH values, pungency, and NaCl in food were investigated in this case. Results indicated that strong acidity (pH = 3) was not good for the development of BSF, demonstrating less body weight and eclosion failure. In contrast, strong basicity (pH = 11) seemed to be beneficial for larval development with high biomass, and there is no difference in pupation, eclosion, larval biomass, and livability for BSF for pH values between 5 and 11. With regards to salinity, liner correlations were observed; the salinity strength increased along with the extension of the larval phase, but body weight, pupation rate, emerging rate, and livability were still consistent under 6% density of salinity. Influence of pungency on BSF larvae has not yet been found. In conclusion, BSF showed a high tolerance to pH value, pungency, and salinity in foodstuffs. Hence, it is expected that food waste from common environments might have a lesser possibility to cause negative effects on BSF development, which could be good news for BSF conversion technology. As for the process design, the conclusion suggested that food waste optimum for BSF is expected to be alkaline and low-salt, which would be helpful to improve the efficiency and harvest. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Mycelial culture of wild Inonotus hispidus parasitizing the jujube tree and the cultivation conditions of its fruit body on rice medium北大核心CSCD

Inonotus hispidus is a kind of rare medicinal fungus, and its natural resources are very scarce. Currently, the artificial cultivation technology of I. hispidus is not completely developed, and this reflects on its extremely low biological conversion rate and long cultivation period. In order to improve the bioconversion rate and shorten the production cycle of I. hispidus, we first analyzed the mycelia culture conditions of the collected I. hispidus, and then we further explore the method of domesticated cultivation of its fruiting body in rice medium. During the process of mycelial culture, the suitable temperature, pH, carbon source, and nitrogen source for mycelial growth were selected using the mycelial growth rate as index. During the domesticated cultivation of the fruiting body, the suitable culture medium for its growth was selected using the bioconversion rate as index. Screening results of mycelial culture conditions showed that the optimal culture conditions for the growth of mycelium of the wild I. hispidus were: temperature of 25 °C, initial pH of 6.0, glucose as the carbon source, and yeast extract powder as the source of nitrogen. The results of the domesticated cultivation showed that the biotransformation rate of I. hispidus was higher when using rice as the main medium substrate. The optimal cultivation conditions were: a 0.2% yeast extract content in the nutrient solution, a 1:1.6 ratio of rice to nutrient solution, and a 4 mL inoculum of the liquid strain. Under these conditions, it took about 4 days for the mycelium to grow over the cultivation medium. The time required for the differentiation of the primordium to form fruit bodies was about 20 days, and the bioconversion rate reached 28.70% ± 5.05%. The results of this study indicate the feasibility of using rice as the main substrate for the cultivation of I. hispidus, and it also provide new insights for the finding of new cultivation substrates for other rare medicinal fungi. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Species diversity variation of Cupressus funebris secondary forest in landslide site after 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake北大核心CSCD

The characteristics of species diversity in Cupressus funebris secondary forest under the effect of geological hazard were explored by selecting the typical landslide surface of Fenghuang Mountain, Leigu Town, Beichuan County, which was derived from the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake. The results showed that 93 species belonged to 42 families, and 78 genera were found in the landslide area, where the main families were Compositae, Leguminosae, and Gramineae-based. Further, 97 species in the transition area belonged to 39 families and 80 genera, and the main families were Compositae, Gramineae, and Rosaceae-based. In all, 108 species were recorded in the non-landslide area, which belonged to 59 families and 92 genera, the main families of which were Compositae, Rosaceae, and Gramineae-based. Compositae and Gramineae played important roles in the landslide recovery process after earthquake. The Pielou index (JSW) was the highest in the non-landslide area of the herb layer, whereas the richness index (D) was the lowest; the Shannon-Wiener index (H) and Simpson index (H') showed medium values. In the non-landslide area, the D, H, and H' were the highest in the shrub layer, whereas the JSW was the lowest. Further, the species diversity index of the transitional area was higher than that of the landslide area. In the tree layer, the D and H were both the highest and lowest in the landslide area and transition area, respectively. In contrast, the H' and JSW were the highest in the transition area and the lowest in the non-landslide area. The distribution of vegetation was generally consistent with the distribution of soil nutrients in the spatial distribution of surface soil nutrients. The succession of trees in the landslide area was relatively slow and at the initial stage, and the pioneer species were Coriaria nepalensis, Leptopus chinensis, and Arthraxon lanceolatus in this area. Taken together, the findings suggested that the stability of a plant community can be increased by improving the soil and stabilizing the slope. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

The interaction of heat shock proteins and some components of plant viruses北大核心CSCD

Considerable research has indicated that heat shock proteins (Hsp), as molecular chaperones, carry out many biological activities of plant viruses by folding, transporting, translocating, assembling, or degrading client proteins. It is fundamental to develop resistant plant varieties and novel anti-viral agents by determining the interaction mechanisms between plant viruses and hosts. In this study, we first reviewed the classification, gene and protein structure, and biological significances. We then analyzed the assembling mechanism of Hsp70 or Hsp90, plant host cofactors, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerases in a viral replicase complex, and the mechanism of interaction and subcellular localization between Hsp70 and some plant virus components. We highlighted the mechanism of interaction and movement between Hsp70 and some plant virus components and the effect of Hsp expression of plant hosts or viruses. The results indicated where the mechanism occurred, the participating factors, energy supply, and material conversion between Hsps and the plant virus components for the course of the intracellular movement, local movement between cells, and long-distance movement, and showed the Hsp type specificity and the law of dynamic Hsp expression in plant hosts infected by viruses. The studies mainly focused on the two Hsp factors and the plant viral components, indicating limited coordination mechanisms among many nucleic acids, proteins, and polysaccharides in macromolecular protein complexes (MRC). Future research should analyze the translocation mechanism between client proteins and Hsps, the coordination mechanism between Hsps and MRC components, and the relation between MRC and the plant tissue structure. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

2种类型多壁碳纳米管对蛋白核小球藻的毒理研究

碳纳米材料由于其具有优异的性能,得以广泛生产和使用,其不可避免会进入水环境中,对水生生态系统造成潜在影响。多壁碳纳米管(P-MWCNTs)和羟基化多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs-OH)作为纳米材料的典型代表,应用非常广泛,其潜在的环境效应受到人们越来越多的关注。为此,本文以蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)作为受试生物,通过暴露实验,研究了P-MWCNTs和MWCNTs-OH对蛋白核小球藻的生物学效应。研究结果表明：1)当P-MWCNTs浓度≤10 mg·L-1、MWCNTs-OH≤20 mg·L-1浓度时对蛋白核小球藻生长未造成影响;2)暴露96 h后,当P-MWCNTs≤10 mg·L-1、MWCNTs-OH浓度≤20 mg·L-1时,蛋白核小球藻细胞可溶性蛋白质含量增加,当P-MWCNTs浓度≥20 mg·L-1、MWCNTs-OH浓度≥40 mg·L-1时,2种类型MWCNTs均对蛋白核小球藻造成毒性效应;3)随着2种类型MWCNTs浓度的增加,蛋白核小球藻细胞总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)值减少,蛋白核小球藻细胞丙二醛(MDA)含量显著增加,细胞的健康程度逐渐恶化,细胞结构受到严重损伤;4)MWCNTs-OH比P-MWCNTs具有更好的生物相容性。     

基于光纤光栅的地基土瞬态应变响应试验研究

为掌握冲击荷载下一定范围内地基土的应变发展、分布和变化规律,采用光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)技术,通过在级配连续的均匀密砂地基中水平埋设三层传感光纤,获得了不同落球高度条件下土体内部应变的动态响应。试验结果表明,各组试验中土体应变经历了幂律增长、线性增长、幂律减小(回弹)和残余应变(稳定)的四个阶段。土体达到峰值应变的时刻存在高度一致性,试验中测得约为100 ms;冲击荷载的影响深度在20 cm左右,为钢球直径的4~5倍。在相同FBG埋深条件下,土体应变随钢球落高增加呈近线性增长;在相同钢球落高条件下,土体应变随FBG埋深增加呈指数减小。研究成果对揭示土体应变发展机理、估算地基土体强度参数和快速测定含水率的进一步探索具有一定的指导意义。     

2016冬季京津冀一次持续重度霾天气过程分析

2016年12月16~21日我国京津冀地区发生了一次持续重度霾天气过程.为了进一步加深对霾的认识和提高对霾的分析预报能力,利用多种资料,对此次重度霾天气过程的环流背景和气象要素等进行了综合性分析.结果表明,此次过程持续时间长,污染强度大,影响范围广,能见度低,以外来输送为主,气溶胶主要分布在600 m以下高度,有一定的极端异常性,静稳天气指数与空气质量指数有较好的对应关系;京津冀地区高空受高压脊前的纬向环流控制,维持偏西气流,冷空气活动弱,以下沉气流为主,水汽含量较低,高空云量较少,低空有暖脊北伸,地面位于高压东南部,受均压场控制,气压梯度较小,受偏南风影响,污染物易于堆积;地面静小风,相对湿度较高,混合层高度较低,不利于污染物的水平和垂直扩散.