结合在线监测和自动识别系统分析东海沿岸船舶排放特征

海运排放大气污染物对空气质量和气候具有重要影响,但是由于船舶类型及其运行工况的复杂性,人们对船舶排放特征的认识仍然不足.东海沿岸是全球航运活动最为密集的地区之一,汇集了各种国内国际运输船只.选取宁波舟山港作为研究地点,使用在线仪器长时间测量主要的环境大气气体和颗粒污染物,并利用自动识别系统（AIS）,获得每种船舶的速度.根据后向轨迹区分出：1受船舶排放影响主导的时期（夏季风,由处于完全运行或停泊的船舶占主导地位）;2受内陆气流影响主导的时期（冬季风）.结果表明二氧化硫（SO₂）、氮氧化物（NO_x）和黑碳气溶胶（BC）的排放与高速运行的船舶相关,而一氧化碳（CO）可能与较低的运行速度的船舶有关,总颗粒物（PM）与船舶速度没有显著相关关系.主要污染物在巡航工况下的排放增强因子约为怠速工况1~4倍.研究通过对直接环境背景下船舶排放进行原位观测,为评估船舶排放清单提供重要参考.     

基于SIL评估的LNG加气站安全仪表系统问题分析及改进建议

为分析LNG加气站安全仪表系统的功能完备性与可靠性,以3座典型的三级LNG加气站为研究对象,全面开展安全仪表功能辨识、安全完整性等级(SIL)定级与验证,进而提出针对性的改进建议.结果表明:3座LNG加气站的安全仪表系统均存在功能不完备、设备组件缺少失效数据的问题;为满足风险控制要求,三级LNG加气站需设置15个安全仪...     

Studies on catalytic reduction of nitrate in groundwater

Catalytic reduction of nitrate in groundwater by sodium formate over the catalyst was investigated. Pd-Cu/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst was prepared by impregnation and characterized by brunauer-emmett-teller (BET), inductive coupled plasma (ICP), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). It was found that total nitrogen was effectively removed from the nitrate solution (100 mg/L) and the removal efficiency was 87%. The catalytic activity was affected by pH, catalyst amount used, concentration of sodium formate, and initial concentration of nitrate. As sodium formate was used as reductant, precise control in the initial pH was needed. Excessively high or low initial pH (7.0 or 3.0) reduced catalytic activity. At initial pH of 4.5, catalytic activity was enhanced by reducing the amount of catalyst, while concentrations of sodium formate increased with a considerable decrease in N₂ selectivity. In which case, catalytic reduction followed the first order kinetics. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2006, 26(4): 567–571 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

不除氧单扫描示波极谱法测定茶叶中钙

研究了在不除氧条件下，用单扫描示波极谱法测定茶叶中钙，在０．０２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＫＯＨ体系中，钙－桑色素络合物于－０．７８Ｖ产生一灵敏的极谱峰，峰电流与钙浓度在０．１￣０．８μｇ／ｍＬ之间有良好的线性关系。方法灵敏、准确、简便、选择性好。     

Urban garbage disposal and management in China

This paper, probing into the present situation of urban domestic garbage by analyzing its growing trend, compositional change and regional difference, reveals the problems existing in its disposul and management in China. Meanwhile, a questionnaire was conducted in five big cities around China for surveying urban residents‘ attitudes towards garbage disposal and management policies and measures. Results showed the outlmt of urban domestic garbage in Chinese cities is ever increasing, and the recoverable materials and energy in garbage composition are also increasing. The population growth, economic development, and increase of residents‘ expenditure level are the main factors influencing the growing output and changing composition of the garbage. Information acquired from the questionnaire showed that majority of the urban residentsare in favor d the garbage reduction policies and managerial measures and are willing to collaborate with municipal government in battling against gadbage. Based on the analysis and questionnaire, some policymaking-oriented suggestions such as operating the garbage disposal from a social welfare service to a sector of profit-gaining enterprises, transferring the garbage management from passive end control to active source control,promoting the classified garbage collection in cities around China, and charging garbage fees for its cleanup and disposal, have also been put forward in the paper.     

氯代芳烃催化氢转移脱氯的研究

本文以甲酸钠为氢源,对聚乙烯吡咯烷酮锚定的ＰｄＣｌ２催化氯代芳烃脱氯进行了研究,考察了反应条件对反应的影响,研究了脱氯的选择性。结果表明;该方法具有卓越的脱氯选择性,催化剂用量少,反应条件温和,操作简便。本文并对其脱氯反应机理进行了初步探讨。     

北亚热带过渡区土壤的模糊聚类分析

本文阐述了北亚热带过渡区十个土壤剖面的成土条件和基本性质，应用模糊聚类对土壤的五项诊断指标进行了分析，并与发生分类和诊断分类相比较．在中国土壤系统分类中提出建立淋溶土纲和始成土纲的基础上，探讨了供试土壤的分类地位。其中０１－０４号剖面属于典型铁质湿润淋溶上亚类；０５—０７和０９号剖面归为铁质粘磐半干润淋溶土亚类；０８号剖面为典型半干润淡色始成上亚类，１０号剖面为典型淡色滞水淋溶士亚类。     

Dynamics of PCDDs/DFs and coplanar-PCBs in an aquatic food chain of Tokyo Bay

Concentrations and accumulation profiles of PCDDs/DFs and coplanar-PCBs (co-PCBs) in aquatic biota (e.g., plankton, shellfish, benthic invertebrate, and fish) and sediment from Tokyo Bay were examined to elucidate the relationship between bioaccumulation and trophic level in the food web as determined by the stable nitrogen isotope analysis. Bioaccumulation patterns of PCDDs/DFs and co-PCBs varied greatly among congeners. Accumulation patterns of PCDDs/DFs and co-PCBs are not solely explained by their physicochemical properties. Biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) for co-PCBs in biota from Tokyo Bay were significantly greater than those of PCDDs/DFs. Furthermore, the slopes of the plots of delta15N and BSAF values and water solubility of 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDDs/DFs and co-PCBs were highly correlated. The results of our study would provide the valuable information to understand the accumulation properties of PCDDs/DFs and co-PCBs that can be used as a scientific basis to determine the sediment quality criteria of PCDDs/DFs and co-PCBs.     

Induction of the P450 reporter gene system bioassay by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Ulsan Bay (South Korea) sediments

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and induction of the P450 reporter gene system (RGS) for 6- and 16-h exposure periods were determined in organic extracts of Ulsan Bay (South Korea) sediments to assess the utility of this bioassay as a screening tool for PAH contamination. The sum of the concentrations of 23 individual PAHs in 30 sediment samples (sigma PAH) based on GC-MS analysis ranged from 0.05 to 6.1 micrograms/g dry wt. P450 RGS fold induction ranged from 4.0 to 320 micrograms/g based on benzo[a]pyrene toxic equivalents (BaPEq). P450 RGS BaPEq and the 'chemical BaPEq', defined as the sum of the products of individual PAH concentrations and pre-determined toxic equivalency factors, exhibited very strong positive correlations with sigma PAH (r2 > 0.90; P < 0.001). Fold induction did not increase (and in some cases decreased) after the optimal incubation period (6 h) for PAHs, indicating that other compounds known to induce the P450 RGS (e.g. chlorinated organics) were not present at levels effecting significant induction. This was supported by GC-ECD analysis where non-ortho and mono-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) known to be strong P450 RGS inducers were found to be at very low or non-detectable levels in samples with the highest P450 RGS responses. The profound difference in PAH profiles for the two most contaminated sites suggested that this assay is especially sensitive for selected PAHs with greater than four rings. Combined with previous results, the P450 RGS shows promise as a useful screening tool for predicting deleterious biological effects resulting from CYP1A1-inducing, sediment-associated chemicals, particularly high molecular weight PAHs.     

Decolorization of textile wastewater by photo-fenton oxidation technology

This paper describes the use of photo-fenton process for color removal from textile wastewater stream. The wastewater sample to be treated was simulated by using colorless polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and reactive dyestuff of R94H. As a result, the hydroxyl radical (HO*) oxidation can effectively remove color, but the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was removed in a slight degree. The color removal is markedly related with the amount of HO* formed. The optimum pH for both the OH* formation and color removal occurs at pH 3-5. Up to 96% of color can be removed within 30 min under the studied conditions. Due to the photoreduction of ferric ion into ferrous ion, color resurgence was observed after 30 min. The ferrous dosage and UV power affect the color removal in a positive way, however, the marginal benefit is less significant in the higher range of both. PVA as the major background COD of a textile wastewater stream inhibits the color removal insignificantly as its concentration increases.