Characteristics of typical dissolved black carbons and their influence on the formation of disinfection by-products in chlor(am)ination

● The physicochemical and structural properties of DBC were characterized. ● The effects of DBC on DBPs and DBPFP generation during disinfection were evaluated. ● The DBPs and DBPFP generation during chlor(am)ination were compared. Dissolved black carbon (DBC) released from biochar can be one of the potential disinfection by-products (DBPs) precursors in the dissolved organic matter pool. However, the physiochemical and structural properties of DBC and the effects on the development of DBPs and DBP formation potential (DBPFP) during the disinfection process remain unclear. In this study, the characteristics of two kinds of DBC, namely, animal-derived DBC (poultry litter DBC, PL-DBC) and plant-derived DBC (wheat straw DBC, WS-DBC), were investigated. The effects of different kinds of DBC on the evolution of DBPs and DBPFP in chlorine and chloramine disinfection processes were compared with natural organic matter (NOM). The results showed that the total DBPs concentrations derived from PL-DBC, WS-DBC and NOM were similar during chlorination (i.e., 61.23 μg/L, 64.59 μg/L and 64.66 μg/L, respectively) and chloramination (i.e., 44.63 μg/L, 44.42 μg/L and 45.58 μg/L, respectively). The lower total DBPs and DBPFP concentrations in chloramination could be attributed to the fact that the introduction of ammonia in chloramine inhibited the breaking of the bond between the disinfectant and the active group of the precursor. Additionally, DBC presented much lower total DBPFP concentrations than NOM in both chlorination and chloramination. However, both kinds of DBC tended to form more monochloroacetic acids and haloacetamides than NOM, which could result from the higher organic strength, higher protein matter, and nitrogen-rich soluble microbial products of DBC.     

A Compatible Interface of Wheat Straw/Polylactic Acid Composites Collaborative Constructed Using KH570–Nano TiO2

Journal of Polymers and the Environment - Poor interfacial compatibility between wheat straw and polylactic acid (PLA) remains a problem that directly affects the overall performance of wheat...     

Removal Efficiency of PM10 via Ventilation with Residential Exhaust Hood and Conditions for Reducing Human Intake Fraction

Environmental Modeling & Assessment - As the number of enclosed residential buildings increases to minimize energy consumption, research on indoor air quality is becoming more important....     

Effects of Combined Exposure to Formaldehyde and PM2.5 on the Brain of Balb/c Mice Asthma Model

Epidemiological studies have shown that there is a link between asthma and brain damage,but toxicological studies have not fully confirmed yet,especially the effects of asthma on the brain. In this study,at first,we explore the effects of asthma on the brain through the establishment of an allergic asthma model. Then PM_(2.5),a typical outdoor air pollutant and formaldehyde,a typical indoor air pollutant were selected to be closer to the true environment and find whether there is any synergism between them. In this study,an ovalbumin( OVA)-sensitized mice asthma model was established. 30 male Balb/c mice were randomly divided into 5 groups:( 1) saline control group,( 2) OVA-sensitized group,( 3) OVA-combined with formaldehyde exposure group,( 4) OVA-combined with PM_(2.5) exposure group,( 5) Combination of OVA,formaldehyde and PM_(2.5) exposure group. The mice were inhaled with formaldehyde or/and instilled with PM_(2.5) from day 1 to 18. The mice asthma model was developed by OVA sensitization and challenge. The mice were sensitized with OVA+Al( OH)3( 5 mg OVA and 175 mg Al( OH)3 in 30 m L saline each time) or saline( 30 m L saline each time) by intraperitoneal injection on day 1,7 and 14.This was then followed by an aerosol challenge in 1% OVA( 30 min·d~(-1)) from day 19 to 25( 7 times) using an ultrasonic nebulizer. On the 26 th day,the organ coefficient of mice brain was counted,then the contents of oxidative stress of mice brain were measured,including reactive oxygen species( ROS),glutathione( GSH) and malondialdehyde( MDA),and the concentrations of NF-κB and interleukin-1β( IL-1β) were detected by using ELISA kits.Detection of interleukin-6( IL-6) was made with immunohistochemical method. Histological assay for brain was also conducted. In our results,all the OVA treated groups showed a significant increase of ROS and a significant decrease of GSH contents when compared with the control group. Except OVA-sensitized group,other OVA treated groups also showed a significant increase of MDA contents when compared with the control group,and MDA contents of OVA-sensitized group showed significant change when compared to the combined exposure group. In ROS and GSH,combined exposure showed some joint effect compared with single exposure. When OVA was applied in combination with formaldehyde and PM_(2.5),NF-κB was activated. And all the OVA treated groups showed increased levels of IL-1β and IL-6 compared with the control group. And the combined exposure showed an aggravated effect when compared with OVA-sensitized group. Histopathological observation of the hippocampus in mice brain clearly showed the difference of eosin( EO) stained neurons in the combined exposure group compared with the control group and OVA-sensitized group. The pyramidal neurons of the mice with allergic asthma exposed to formaldehyde and/or PM_(2.5) had been reduced in number,the cells were swollen and the dendrites had disappeared. Allergic asthma can cause damage to the brain through oxidative stress. Exposure to formaldehyde and PM_(2.5) will increase the damage caused by allergic asthma to the brain,which may be mediated by oxidative stress and NF-κB activation.This promotes the release of the inflammatory factors,resulting in increased inflammation.     

气藏型地下储气库完整性管理体系及风险识别

为保证气藏型储气库安全运营,保障天然气储配调峰系统的正常运转,对气藏型储气库进行完整性管理及风险识别.明确气藏型地下储气库完整性管理的对象为地面站场系统、储气库井、地质体3大模块,以地质体完整性管理为气藏型储气库完整性管理的特点及难点,并基于管道完整性管理的理念;提出气藏型储气库完整性管理的6步循环:数据采集,单元识别...     

铅锌矿区废弃地修复客土层的重金属污染特征分析

采集湖南郴州某典型铅锌矿区废弃地植物修复客土层（0~30 cm）及污染土层（30~50 cm）土壤,测定土壤中Cd、Cr、Cr⁶⁺、Cu、Ni、Pb、As和Hg的含量;采用地累积指数法、内梅罗指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对土壤中重金属的含量及污染程度进行定量评价;并通过BCR连续分级提取法分析重金属的形态.结果表明,客土的As含量以及污染土的Pb和As含量均远超出"土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）-GB36600—2018"中第二类用地筛选值.对重金属含量和污染程度的评价结果表明,试验土壤主要以Pb和As污染为主,污染土中Cd、Cu、Pb和As的污染程度均高于客土.土壤中Cd和As的生态风险系数较高,最高分别达到了22.96和568.57.Cd和As是研究区域中土壤重金属潜在生态风险的主要贡献者;BCR结果表明,Cd在客土和污染土中均具有最高的生物有效性,酸可溶态Cd的最高占比达到31.9%.污染土和客土之间的混掺,污染土中活性金属向客土层的迁移以及植物根系分泌物的螯合作用都是导致客土层土壤中重金属总量和生物有效性增加的原因.本研究结果可为铅锌矿区废弃地重金属污染治理提供参考.     

LNG加气站槽车卸车直供过程泄漏后果分析

为研究LNG加气站槽车直接供液过程泄漏后果严重程度,采用HAZOP辨识槽车供液和储罐供液典型泄漏场景,基于PHAST分析不同泄漏场景下LNG液池半径、蒸汽云扩散距离及积聚时长、爆炸超压和池火热辐射影响范围,定量评价槽车供液可能造成的事故后果扩大程度.结果表明:槽车供液泄漏事故的LNG液池最大半径、蒸汽云最大扩散距离、爆...     

夹层对盐岩储气库注采运行稳定性影响研究

为保证含夹层盐岩储气库长期注采过程的安全稳定,开展夹层几何特征对盐岩储气库注采运行稳定性影响的研究。通过FLAC^3D开展数值模拟,研究单一夹层厚度、位置及夹层数量等几何特征对储气库围岩应力、变形的影响规律,并分析盐腔的稳定性和可用性对夹层几何参数的敏感性特征。结果表明:随夹层厚度、数量的增加,盐腔围岩所受压应力增大,收缩变形减小,体积收缩率增大;随夹层到腔体顶板距离减小,盐腔围岩所受压应力先减小后增大,收缩变形增大,体积收缩率减小。各夹层参数的敏感度系数排序为:夹层厚度、夹层数量、夹层位置。该结论可为层状盐岩储气库先导工程的可行性分析与稳定性评价提供参考。     

黄土地层浅埋暗挖隧道松散围岩压力计算

为研究黄土地层浅埋暗挖隧道松散围岩压力特征,根据既有隧道施工现场裂缝扩展情况,假定隧道开挖后的土体存在破裂区,取一半破裂区土体进行静力极限平衡分析,考虑静止土压力、侧向土压力、隧道尺寸和土层参数对半结构的影响,推导出适用于黄土地层浅埋暗挖隧道的围岩压力解析式,确定该公式下的隧道深浅埋划分界限,并结合工程实例分析隧道埋深、静止土压力系数和侧压力系数对围岩压力的影响。研究结果表明：随隧道埋深增大,围岩压力存在峰值,围岩压力曲线呈先增大后减小的趋势;围岩压力随静止土压力系数和侧压力系数的增大而减小,但静止土压力系数对围岩压力的影响较大;将新方法得到的围岩压力值分别与现场实测值和既有理论围岩压力值进行对比,计算的垂直、侧向围岩压力值均大于实测值,且新方法的计算误差相对较小。     

北方旱农区玉米自然降水生产潜力研究

针对我国北方水资源匮乏日益严重的状况,利用CERES-Maize作物模型模拟分析了北方旱区玉米自然降水生产潜力及其时空分布规律。研究表明,我国北方旱区玉米的水分生产潜力大小排序依次是半湿润区>半干旱区>干旱区,半湿润区的玉米自然降水生产潜力大约为11000kg/hm₂,干旱区大约在5000kg/hm₂,但同时半湿润区潜力的年际间波动性也最显著,干旱区则相对较为稳定。我国北方旱区东部的玉米生产潜力高于西部,但南北方向潜力差异不明显。