Molecular organization of excitatory chemical synapses in the mammalian brain

 Chemical synapses are highly specialized cell–cell junctions designed for efficient signaling between nerve cells. Distinct cytoskeletal matrices are assembled at either side of the synaptic junction. The presynaptic cytomatrix at the active zone (CAZ) defines and organizes the site of neurotransmitter release from presynaptic nerve terminals. The postsynaptic density (PSD) tethers neurotransmitter receptors and the postsynaptic signal transduction machinery. Recent progress in the identification and characterization of novel CAZ and PSD components has revealed new insights into the molecular organization and assembly mechanisms of the synaptic neurotransmission apparatus. On the presynaptic side, Bassoon and Piccolo, two related giant proteins, are crucially involved in scaffolding the CAZ. On the postsynaptic side, two families of multi-domain adaptor proteins, the MAGuKs (membrane-associated guanylate kinase homologs) and the ProSAP (proline-rich synapse-associated protein, also termed Shank) family members are thought to be major organizing molecules of the PSD.     

Landmark memories are more robust when acquired at the nest site than en route: experiments in desert ants

Foraging desert ants, Cataglyphis fortis, encounter different sequences of visual landmarks while navigating by path integration. This paper explores the question whether the storage of landmark information depends on the context in which the landmarks are learned during an ant's foraging journey. Two experimental set-ups were designed in which the ants experienced an artificial landmark panorama that was placed either around the nest entrance (nest marks) or along the vector route leading straight towards the feeder (route marks). The two training paradigms resulted in pronounced differences in the storage characteristics of the acquired landmark information: memory traces of nest marks were much more robust against extinction and/or suppression than those of route marks. In functional terms, this result is in accord with the observation that desert ants encounter new route marks during every foraging run but always pass the same landmarks when approaching the nest entrance.     

确定不同保证率下的中国酸沉降临界负荷

在进行中国酸沉降临界负荷区划时 ,通常以 1°× 1°(经纬度 )的网格为单位进行计算 ,难以反映网格内不同生态系统对酸沉降敏感性的差异 .为了便于决策者根据临界负荷确定酸沉降控制对策 ,也为了使 1°× 1°的结果更具代表性和实用性 ,本研究确定了 0 1°× 0 1°网格为单位计算的中国酸沉降临界负荷 ,并在此基础上通过引入保证率的概念 ,得到了一系列与一定的经济技术水平相适应的、允许有一定损失的 1°× 1°的中国酸沉降临界负荷图 .利用累积分布函数 ,本研究还确定了不同保证率下的中国酸沉降超临界负荷分布和各省、市、自治区的酸沉降临界负荷 .     

日本抗溢油应急能力逐年加强

１９７１年发生的重大溢油事故，促使日本于１９７３年和１９７６年对防止海上污染灾害法进行了两次修订。要求船主和石油行业必须配备足够数量的围油栏，吸油材料，消油剂和其它设施，以减小溢油选成的影响。     

副矿物中稀土元素的离子探针测定

<正> 一般的造岩硅酸盐矿物通常含有低含量的REE(大部分低于10ppm),因为相对较大的REE离子与这些矿物的晶体结构是不相容的。火成岩的总REE含量通常在几百ppm的范围内,而副矿物相是这些元素的赋存体。这些副矿物对火成岩和变质岩成岩过程中REE的行为     

原油对比中硫同位素比值的有用性

<正> 稳定同位素比值(即~(13)C/~(12)C,~(34)S/~(32)S,~(15)N/~(14)N)的天然变化,在测定特殊化学过程的产状中已成为重要的工具。例如,本实验室所进行的研究表明,在追索环境中化石燃料燃烧所产生的硫的命运方面,硫同位素比值的变化是有用的指示剂。同样,碳的稳定同位素比值已被用来评价从生物化学循环和地球化学循环输入的不同来源的碳的重要性。 碳,硫和氮稳定同位素比值在鉴定石油特性方面的应用已有证明。在地球化学的许多领域中,从地球化学勘探到油苗鉴定,原油及其来源的鉴定都具有重     

金刚石是在老的富集型地幔中形成的

<正> 虽然一个多世纪以来,金刚石一直是从金伯利岩筒中回收的,但它们与金伯利岩主岩的关系却一直有争议。争论的焦点是,在原始金伯利岩浆中,金刚石究竟是斑晶还是捕虏晶?更广义地说,金刚石的结晶作用是在时间和空间上可能与金伯利岩的生成有关,还是在金刚石     

Analysis of the Henze precipitate from the blood cells of the ascidian<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Phallusia mammillata</Emphasis>

The Henze precipitate, a peculiar blue-green microparticulate obtained by lysis of the blood cells of the ascidian Phallusia mammillata (Protochordata), was investigated with atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray microanalysis. The precipitate was collected from the Henze solution, an unstable red-brown product obtained by treating blood with distilled water, whose degradation yields a characteristic blue-green product. The microparticulates measured 50–100 µm in diameter and appeared irregular in shape. SEM examination showed smooth, roughly round boundaries. The microparticulate surface examined with AFM appeared as an irregular matrix formed by 70–320-nm-wide mammillate composites, including and embedding small (500–800 nm wide) crystal-like multilayered formations. X- ray analysis showed that the elements present in these same precipitates were mainly C, Si, Al and O. The microparticulate composition appeared close to those of natural waxes or lacquers, embedding amorphous silicates and/or other Si–Al components. The unusual occurrence of Si in ascidian blood and its role are discussed.     

蛇纹岩——埃塞俄比亚锡达莫阿多拉砂金矿的一种可能来源

<正> 引言阿多拉(Adola)砂金矿产在埃塞俄比亚锡达莫省基布雷门吉斯特(Kibre Meng-hist)地区(图1)。该区多山,山坡陡峭,砂金矿是最近砾石和残留、半残留热带土壤(只是就地搬运)形成的。下伏于基布雷门吉斯特(阿多拉)地区的基底,是由三个主要的岩石序列组成的,它们被主要的不整合面和冲断层所分割。这三个岩石序列是,中部杂岩体的沃德拉群,由长石砂岩、石英岩和云母片岩组成,由变