洞庭湖区农户洪涝灾害脆弱性评价

以湖南省洞庭湖区为研究区域,20个县市区为基本研究单元,筛选出能直接反映农户生产生活状况的6个因素作为计算指标,并考虑不同洪涝风险程度对各区域的影响差异,就农户的脆弱性进行了定量评价.结果表明,一半左右区域的农户在洪涝灾害面前表现出较高的脆弱性,说明洞庭湖区洪涝灾害严重.同时,农户脆弱性存在着明显的空间差异,南洞庭与西洞庭的农户要高于东洞庭;分布在南洞庭湖区和四水尾闾县市区的农户要高于沿湖经济较为发达的中心城市郊区农户.由此可见,洪涝灾害问题不仅是一个自然和生态问题,它更是一个社会和经济问题.     

武汉地区人类世的湖泊沉积指示

"人类世"(Anthropocene)概念是在人类活动引起的全球性环境问题日益突出的背景下提出的。人类世问题近年来已逐步成为环境、地球科学及其相关学科领域的一个研究热点。武汉位于长江中游,汉水与长江交汇之处,是中国中部地区的中心城市,也是全国重要的工业基地和综合交通枢纽,因此开展武汉地区的人类世界限研究对于指示人类活动在自然环境中可开展的安全活动空间具有重要的意义。以武汉市湖泊沉积物中有机氯农药(OCPs)、重金属元素(Zn、Cu、Pb、Hg、Cr)、总磷总氮和沉积色素的含量为标志,结合武汉城市化进程对武汉地区的人类世界限进行了研究。结果表明:武汉地区的人类世界限大概在1960年左右,此时人类活动在湖泊沉积物中留下了标志性的特征。     

磷钼酸铵-聚乙烯醇复合材料的制备及其对水中Cs+的吸附性能研究

利用磷钼酸铵、聚乙烯醇和正硅酸四乙酯合成一种新型复合材料（AMP-PVA）,运用扫描电镜（SEM）、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）和热重分析仪（TG-DSC）等对AMP-PVA进行结构和形貌表征.同时,探究了不同初始浓度、pH、时间等因素对AMP-PVA特异性吸附Cs⁺性能的影响,并结合等温吸附曲线、吸附动力学等对AMP-PVA的吸附机制进行探讨.结果表明,AMP-PVA可在pH=2~11范围内使用,耐酸性能良好,且在35 ℃、pH=7.7、初始Cs⁺浓度为200 mg·L^-1的条件下达到最大吸附量109.56 mg·g^-1;吸附过程以自发的、吸热的、可持续的化学吸附为主,符合Freundlich等温吸附模型和准二级动力学模型,并伴随着内扩散和Boyd模型的特征;AMP-PVA主要作用机制为Cs⁺与AMP中的NH₄⁺发生离子交换.     

Assessing the capacity of biochar to stabilize copper and lead in contaminated sediments using chemical and extraction methods

Because of its high adsorption capacity, biochar has been used to stabilize metals when remediating contaminated soils; to date, however, it has seldom been used to remediate contaminated sediment. A biochar was used as a stabilization agent to remediate Cu- and Pb-contaminated sediments, collected from three locations in or close to Beijing. The sediments were mixed with a palm sawdust gasified biochar at a range of weight ratios (2.5%, 5%, and 10%) and incubated for 10, 30, or 60?days. The performance of the different treatments and the heavy metal fractions in the sediments were assessed using four extraction methods, including diffusive gradients in thin films, the porewater concentration, a sequential extraction, and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure. The results showed that biochar could enhance the stability of heavy metals in contaminated sediments. The degree of stability increased as both the dose of biochar and the incubation time increased. The sediment pH and the morphology of the metal crystals adsorbed onto the biochar changed as the contact time increased. Our results showed that adsorption, metal crystallization, and the pH were the main controls on the stabilization of metals in contaminated sediment by biochar.     

2014—2016年海口市空气质量概况及预报效果检验

本文主要基于CUACE模式在海口市的预报产品,结合2014年3月—2017年2月海口市AQI、PM_2.5、PM₁₀和O₃的实况资料进行预报效果检验.结果表明,①近3年海口市空气质量等级主要以优和良为主,但仍有少部分天数以PM₁₀、PM_2.5和O₃为首要污染物,分别占所有首要污染物天数的27.6%、29.5%和42.9%,其中O₃上升幅度较快.②CUACE模式能较好的模拟出AQI和3类污染物浓度的变化特征,其中PM_2.5的预报值与实测值最为接近,而PM₁₀和O₃普遍偏低.③日平均浓度的预报效果检验表明,PM_2.5的标准误差（RMSE）最小,AQI和PM₁₀次之,O₃最大.3个时次预报平均偏差（MB）和归一化偏差（MNB）均为负值,表明CUACE模式预报的污染要素浓度均偏低于实测值.④海口市空气质量为优等级时,TS评分最高;无首要污染物时,首要污染物预报的TS评分最高,但首要污染物为PM_2.5、PM₁₀或O₃时,TS评分均偏低.     

Organochlorine pesticides in the surface water and sediments from the Peacock River Drainage Basin in Xinjiang, China: a study of an arid zone in Central Asia

Fourteen surface water and nine surface sediment samples were collected from the Peacock River and analyzed for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) by gas chromatograph?Celectron capture detector (GC-ECD). All the analyzed organochlorine pesticides, except o,p ^??-DDT, were detected in sediments from the Peacock River; but in the water samples, only ??-HCH, HCB, p,p ^??-DDD, and p,p ^??-DDT were detected at some sites. The ranges for total OCPs in the water and sediments were from N.D. to 195 ng l^???1 and from 1.36 to 24.60 ng g^???1, respectively. The only existing HCH isomer in the water, ??-HCH, suggested that the contamination by HCHs could be attributed to erosion of the weathered agricultural soils containing HCHs compounds. Composition analyses showed that no technical HCH, technical DDT, technical chlordanes, endosulfans, and HCB had been recently used in this region. However, there was new input of ??-HCH (lindane) into the Peacock River. The most probable source was water flowing from Bosten Lake and/or agricultural tailing water that was returned directly into the Peacock River. DDT compounds in the sediments may be derived mainly from DDT-treated aged and weathered agricultural soils, the degradation condition was aerobic and the main product was DDE. HCB in the sediment might be due to the input from Bosten Lake and the lake may act as an atmospheric deposition zone. There was no significant correlation between the concentrations of OCPs (including ??HCH, ??DDT, chlordanes, endosulfans, HCB and total OCPs) and the content of fine particles (<63 ??m). The concentrations of OCPs were affected by salinity.     

漆酶去除造纸废水中木素及多酚类化合物应用

漆酶是一种多酚氧化酶,参与木素的降解或聚合,具有氧化木素的能力。制浆造纸废水中含有大量的木素衍生物及多酚类化合物,这些化合物中有许多物质有较大毒性的,这给废水的生物处理带来了不利影响。木素和多酚类化合物又是废水COD、BOD及色度的主要来源。在漆酶的存在下曝气,可使此类化合物聚合或降解,进而通过絮凝沉淀或深度氧化除去。文章综述了近年来漆酶在制浆造纸废水处理中的应用与研究现状。     

区县生活环境噪声的监测与防治

简述了社会生活噪声的源类型,从7个方面说明了噪声的危害,并根据国家环境标准以及国家噪声防治法阐述了区县环保局对噪声的监测与防治措施。     

牡丹江市大气环境容量研究

为了更合理地制定牡丹江市总量控制目标和控制战略,使有限的大气环境容量资源得到合理的利用,促进牡丹江市大气污染物排污许可制度的落实,为“十一五”城市环境保护规划提供技术支持,对牡丹江市大气环境质量现状、大气污染源、气象条件及环境空气质量功能区划分等进行了较为详细的调查分析,并对目前常用的容量测算模型进行了比较,结合牡丹江市的实际情况,认为A-P值法为目前牡丹江市大气环境容量测算的适用模型,并对牡丹江市大气环境容量进行了研究,为牡丹江市合理管理和利用大气环境容量提供了科学依据。