Fenton氧化破解剩余污泥中的胞外聚合物

利用Fenton试剂的强氧化性破解剩余污泥中的胞外聚合物（EPS）,通过释放出的多聚糖、蛋白质浓度以及SCOD的变化表征EPS的破解程度,旨在找出Fenton氧化破解EPS的适宜反应条件．结果表明,pH = 2.5,反应时间90 min,H₂O₂/Fe²⁺（质量比）= 8∶1,温度65～70℃为适宜反应条件．该条件下经Fenton氧化,污泥上清液中的SCOD、多聚糖和蛋白质浓度分别由45.88、 10.96和11.99 mg·L^-1增加到684.93、 382.17和302.62 mg·L^-1;污泥颗粒平均粒径和中值粒径分别由供试污泥的838.89 μm和859.20 μm减小到137.22 μm和148.69 μm．Fenton氧化可以有效破解污泥中的EPS,提高污泥的无机化程度,有利于污泥的减量化和资源化．     

Characterization of organic matter in total suspended particles bythermodesorption and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

The organic matter in tropospheric aerosol plays an important role in atmospheric physical and chemical processes. The bulk oforganic matter, representing a significant proportion of the total suspended particulate (TSP) mass, is bound to polymeric materialwhose structure and properties are largely unknown. Here we used thermodesorption gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Td-GC/MS) to study organic compounds of low molecular mass and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) tocharacterize the chemical structure of macromolecules in TSP samples collected in di erent seasons from di erent sites in Guangzhou.n-Alkanes, fatty acids and nitriles were the predominant compounds in the thermodesorption products, whereas aromatics, fatty acids,nitriles and n-alkanes/alkenes were the major compounds in the pyrolysates. The results indicated that aromatics were main units inmacromolecules. The fatty acids and nitriles formed from carboxylic ammonium salts were detected in both thermodesorption productsand pyrolysates at a certain concentration, indicating the importance of these compounds in TSP formation. The TSP source mainlydetermined the occurrence of compounds in samples from urban, suburban and forest sites, whereas the TSP source and formationprocess maybe controlled the seasonal variation in compounds detected. High levels of nitriles in summer samples from suburban andforest sites coincide with the release of ammonium from the land and of fatty acids from vegetation at these sites.     

凹凸棒石/γ-Fe2O3/碳纳米复合材料的制备及其对苯酚的吸附作用

为获得同时具有有机亲和性和磁分离特性的吸附材料,以凹凸棒石黏土和废活性白土为原材料,通过铁盐水解共沉淀和在氢气气氛下程序升温煅烧的方法,制备廉价的凹凸棒石γ-Fe2O3/碳纳米复合材料.运用磁化率分析,红外吸收光谱,透射电镜,X射线衍射分析和碳含量分析对其进行了表征,并研究了复合材料吸附去除水中苯酚的动力学、吸附试验中pH的影响及同等条件下与其他吸附材料吸附性能的对比.结果表明,复合材料的磁化率值为2 769×10-8m3/kg,用磁分离工序即可把该吸附材料从溶液中快速分离出来;铁的磁性氧化物以γ-Fe2O3的形态负载到凹凸棒石表面,颗粒直径为10～60nm;碳以无定形的形态负载在凹凸棒石晶体表面;复合材料中的ω(碳)为7.4%,材料中出现了有机官能团-CH3和-CH2-.对苯酚的吸附试验表明,复合材料对苯酚的去除率是凹凸棒石原矿的3倍.     

构建湿地系统水力学参数的设计模型研究

构建湿地污水处理系统的水力学参数对于其功能的发挥起着非常重要的作用。在探讨构建湿地主要水力学设计参数的基础上,根据描述构建湿地污染物去除的几类机理模型:一级动力学模型、连续完全混合反应器模型、Monod动力学模型、Ergun公式以及对流-弥散模型,分别导出了相应的构建湿地污水处理系统水力学设计参数的计算模型并分析了不同设计模型的特点。     

超声辅助纳米铁降解酸性红G的实验研究

通过硼氢化纳还原法制备了铁纳米颗粒,并用十二烷基硫酸钠对其进行保护。所得铁纳米颗粒大小在13nm左右,体心立方相。对比了在机械搅拌和超声辅助条件下纳米铁对酸性红G的降解率,超声条件下纳米铁和微米铁对酸性红G的降解率,以及纳米铁投加量、pH值对酸性红G降解率的影响。结果表明,超声辅助下,pH=6～7时,4min内纳米铁对酸性红G有较高的降解率。机理分析表明超声辅助条件下纳米铁对酸性红G的降解主要是超声分散下纳米铁的还原作用得到提高以及纳米铁氧化产物的絮凝作用。     

高效原油降解菌和内循环3-PBFB处理油田采出水的研究

在物理化学处理的基础上添加了生物处理部分，即三相生物流化床（3-PBFB）处理油田采出废水。采取了利用高效原油降解菌及漂浮填料、悬浮填料的强化处理措施，使废水出水含油量达到3.5-4.9mg/L，达到国家一级排放标准。     

基于负压法炮弹气密性检测方法研究

目的 实现炮弹气密性检测及其自动化、智能化设备的开发.方法 提出了一种基于负压法的炮弹气密性检测方法.首先,阐述了负压法气密性检测工作原理和实施流程,并对炮弹检测设备的用例模型和检测设备功能框架进行了讨论.其次,针对工程实际,详细给出了测量腔安装密封性计算、测量腔泄漏的压差泄漏率计算、测量腔的初始测量压力值计算、炮弹气体泄漏量计算等检测算法和判定方法.结果 基于负压法的炮弹气密性检测方法的灵敏度比正压法高.结论 本方法可为实现对全弹的气密性检验提供参考,同时也可促进和指导炮弹气密性检验设备的研制,将有效保障炮弹气密性检验自动化设备开发效率和有效性.     

沼泽湿地孔隙水中溶解有机碳、氮浓度季节动态及与甲烷排放的关系

选择三江平原典型的毛果苔草沼泽湿地为研究对象,测定了沼泽湿地孔隙水中水溶性碳、氮浓度、CH4浓度和CH4排放通量,以及相关环境因子;研究了沼泽水中水溶性有机碳、氮浓度变化特征,探讨了沼泽湿地孔隙水中CH4浓度和排放通量季节性变化及发生原因.结果表明,三江平原沼泽湿地土壤孔隙水中DOC浓度有明显的季节变化(p＜0.01).最高值(剖面平均值为95.1 mg·L-1)出现在6月份,9和10月份出现最低值(剖面平均值均为79.3 mg·L-1),剖面上浓集中心位于15～30 cm.孔隙水中NH4 -N和NO-3-N浓度也有明显的季节变化,而DON变化不明显.孔隙水中CH4浓度在剖面上的分布特征与DOC一致,高浓度中心位于20～30 cm.除6月份外,孔隙水甲烷浓度与土壤温度和DOC浓度有显著的正相关关系,与NH4 -N和NO3-N均没有显著相关性.土壤温度和孔隙水中DOC浓度是影响沼泽湿地产CH4能力的重要因素.CH4排放通量与土壤温度和积水深度呈很好的指数关系,与剖面CH4浓度和孔隙水NH4 -N浓度有显著的正相关关系.CH4排放通量与孔隙水DOC浓度相关性不显著.     

三江平原湿地植物的土壤环境因子分析

以三江平原毛果苔草(Carex lasiocarpa)湿地和小叶章(Deyeuxia angustifolia)湿地为研究对象,选取土壤全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、有效氮、有效磷、有机质、pH值和土壤含水量为主要环境控制因子,通过主成分分析(PCA)和逐步多元回归分析,来确定环境因子对物种相对密度和地上生物量的贡献值.结果表明,2个样地中土壤全氮、全磷、有效氮和有效磷的贡献率能达50%左右.毛果苔草湿地中主成分1能够解释88%的物种相对密度和84%的地上生物量;小叶章湿地中主成分1对相对密度和地上生物量的解释量则分别为75%和58%.湿地营养状况决定着植物的生产量;土壤含水量的变化影响着植物对营养物质的吸收和利用.     

黄土高原近30年植被变化特征及其气候驱动

The use of Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data acquired with multiple satellite sensors has become a necessity in research fields such as agriculture, Land-Use and Land-Cover Change (LUCC) and changes in the natural environment. In this paper, vegetation 10-day composite (VGT-S10) NDVI data with a 1 km×1 km resolution, covering the period from April 1982 to December 2011 and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Global Inventory Modelling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) NDVI data with a 8 km×8 km resolution, covering the period from April 1998 to December 2006 were used. The VGT NDVI covering the period from 2007 to 2011 was converted to the GIMMS NDVI for the same period. The vegetation trend during 1982 to 2011 was calculated using the extended NDVI data set. Climate change has a large impact on the vegetation dynamics. A series of statistical analyses were employed to demonstrate the relationship between NDVI and meteorological data during 1982 to 2005. A multiple correlation analysis was applied to validate the association between the two climatic factors and monthly maximum NDVI (MNDVI). The partial correlation coefficient of MNDVI and each climate factor were calculated respectively to describe the singular influence of each meteorological variable. The results indicated that temperature made a significant positive influence on vegetation growth in the whole Loess Plateau. Precipitation is the most important climatic factor that closely correlates with MNDVI, particularly in arid and semi-arid environments. However, in some wet regions, precipitation is not a limiting factor on vegetation growth.