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71.
Vermetid reefs are among the most important bioconstructions in the Mediterranean Sea, with a distribution restricted to the warmest part of the basin. Their structure, and vertical and geographical distribution make them good biological indicators of changes in sea level and sea-surface temperature over the last two millennia. 相似文献
72.
Heidi Schalchli Emilio Hormazabal Jose Becerra Michael Birkett Marysol Alvear Jorge Vidal 《Chemistry and Ecology》2013,29(6):503-513
The antifungal activity of molecular identified Chilean saprobiontic fungi, Trichoderma viride, Schizophyllum commune and Trametes versicolor, on the fungal plant pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium oxysporum, and the saprotrophic mould Mucor miehei was investigated using two types of inhibition bioassay: (1) bi-compartmented Petri dishes and (2) two Erlenmeyer flasks connected by their upper parts. The chemical composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by saprobiontic fungi was also investigated using headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Of the saprobiontic fungi evaluated, one isolate of S. commune showed the highest inhibitory activity against B. cinerea and M. miehei, 86.0±5.4 and 99.5±0.5% respectively. The volatile profiles of fungal isolates were shown to contain a different class of compounds. The major components in the headspace of mycelial cultures were 6-pentyl-α -pyrone (T. viride), ethanol and β -bisabolol (S. commune), and a sesquiterpene alcohol (Tr. versicolor). This is the first study reported on the release of VOCs by Chilean native fungi and their antifungal activity wrt. plant pathogenic fungi. 相似文献
73.
Gisele Pigatto Regildo Marcio Gon alves da Silv Gian Luigi Mariottini Vanessa Marques de Oliveir Mauri Sergio Alves Palm Attilio Converti 《生态毒理学报》2013,8(4):609-615
The roots of onion (Allium cepa) stand out for having cells with large size and small number of chromosomes.These characteristics make them useful in bioassays for the measurement of a variety of cytogenetic and morphological parameters , in which they can be used as toxicity indicators of the induction and formation of micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations.Based on this background , the potential genotoxic effect of phenol concentration on cells of A.ceparoots was investigated either in terms of induced aberrations or micronuclei formation.The results demonstrated that the higher the concentration of phenol , the higher the incidence of abnormalities , thus confirming the genotoxicity of this pollutant. 相似文献
74.
Stephanie Mesías Monsalve Leonardo Martínez Karla Yohannessen Vásquez Sergio Alvarado Orellana José Klarián Vergara Miguel Martín Mateo Rogelio Costilla Salazar Mauricio Fuentes Alburquenque Dante D. Cáceres Lillo 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2018,40(3):1077-1091
Air quality in schools is an important public health issue because children spend a considerable part of their daily life in classrooms. Particulate size and chemical composition has been associated with negative health effects. We studied levels of trace element concentrations in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in indoor versus outdoor school settings from six schools in Chañaral, a coastal city with a beach severely polluted with mine tailings. Concentrations of trace elements were measured on two consecutive days during the summer and winter of 2012 and 2013 and determined using X-ray fluorescence. Source apportionment and element enrichment were measured using principal components analysis and enrichment factors. Trace elements were higher in indoor school spaces, especially in classrooms compared with outdoor environments. The most abundant elements were Na, Cl, S, Ca, Fe, K, Mn, Ti, and Si, associated with earth’s crust. Conversely, an extremely high enrichment factor was determined for Cu, Zn, Ni and Cr; heavy metals associated with systemic and carcinogenic risk effects, whose probably origin sources are industrial and mining activities. These results suggest that the main source of trace elements in PM2.5 from these school microenvironments is a mixture of dust contaminated with mine tailings and marine aerosols. Policymakers should prioritize environmental management changes to minimize further environmental damage and its direct impact on the health of children exposed. 相似文献
75.
Kurt Paschke Juan Pablo Cumillaf Sergio Loyola Paulina Gebauer Mauricio Urbina María Eugenia Chimal Cristina Pascual Carlos Rosas 《Marine Biology》2010,157(1):7-18
Episodes of hypoxia are common in the marine environment, and their ecological effects depend, in part, on their severity
and duration. Many species of decapod crustaceans reside in areas with fluctuating oxygen regimens. Physiological mechanisms
enhance the ability of these crustaceans to cope with acute episodes of hypoxia. Southern king crab, Lithodes santolla, fishery is important in the south of South America, and some data describe fishing zones with low dissolved oxygen (DO) levels
(3.5 mgO2 l−1, i.e., 8.3 kPa). Our main objective was to evaluate the effect of dissolved oxygen level on respiratory metabolism, nutritional
physiology, and immunological condition of L. santolla juveniles. Individual animals were exposed for 10 days to different oxygen tensions (2.1, 4.2, 8.5, 12.7, and 21.1 kPa) to
quantify the oxygen consumption rate; thereafter, blood oxyhemocyanin (Hc), protein concentration, as well as hemocytes, were
sampled. Freeze-dried animals were dissected, and digestive gland metabolites (glycogen, protein, glucose, cholesterol, acylglycerol,
and lactate) and digestive enzyme activity (general protease, trypsin, and chymotrypsin), as well as gill lactate dehydrogenase
(LDH) activity, were quantified. In the present study, Lithodes santolla showed a critical oxygen tension between 4 and 9 kPa, indicating that this crab species is more sensitive to DO than other
crustacean species. Protein and Hc concentrations followed a similar pattern to that of oxygen consumption. Digestive gland
glycogen and protein concentration did not change after 10 days at different oxygen exposures, but glucose, cholesterol, and
acylglycerol concentrations decreased linearly and proportionally to the available oxygen in the water. As in other decapods,
chymotrypsin showed over 90% of the total quantified proteases activity. Chymotrypsin activity together with total proteases
and trypsin was not affected by the environmental oxygen tension. Gill LDH and digestive gland lactate followed a similar
increase at lower environmental oxygen tension but dropped sharply at the lowest tension (2.1 kPa). Dissolved oxygen affected
also the immune system through reduction of hemocytes. This could provide a critical window for opportunistic pathogens to
become established when crabs are exposed to hypoxic conditions. L. santolla juveniles show a moderate tolerance to low oxygen availability by modifying the concentration of hemolymph proteins, mainly
OxyHc, some digestive gland metabolites, and by activating the anaerobic metabolism. This allows L. santolla juveniles to inhabit temporarily low oxygen zones in the deep ocean and suggests an advantage for culture conditions. 相似文献
76.
Updated evaluation of exergy and emergy driving the geobiosphere: A review and refinement of the emergy baseline 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Crucial to the method of emergy synthesis are the main driving emergy flows of the geobiosphere to which all other flows are referenced. They form the baseline for the construction of tables of Unit Emergy Values (UEVs) to be used in emergy evaluations. We provide here an updated calculation of the geobiosphere emergy baseline and UEVs for tidal and geothermal flows. First, we recalculate the flows using more recent values that have resulted from satellite measurements and generally better measurement techniques. Second, we have recalculated these global flows according to their available energy content (exergy) in order to be consistent with Odum's (1996) definition of emergy. Finally, we have reinterpreted the interaction of geothermal energy with biosphere processes thus changing the relationship between geothermal energy and the emergy baseline. In this analysis we also acknowledge the significant uncertainties related to most estimates of global data. In all, these modifications to the methodology have resulted in changes in the transformities for tidal momentum and geothermal energy and a minor change in the emergy baseline from 15.8E24 seJ/J to 15.2E24 seJ/J. As in all fields of science basic constants and standards are not really constant but change according to new knowledge. This is especially true of earth and ecological sciences where a large uncertainty is also to be found. As a consequence, while these are the most updated values today, they may change as better understanding is gained and uncertainties are reduced. 相似文献
77.
78.
Sergio Machado Corrêa Graciela Arbilla Eduardo Monteiro Martins Simone Lorena Quitério Claudinei de Souza Guimarães Luciana Vanni Gatti 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(19):2302-2308
The fuel matrix used in Brazil is unique around the world. The intensive use of hydrated ethanol, gasohol (gasoline with 25% v/v of ethanol), compressed natural gas (CNG), and biodiesel leads to a peculiar composition of the urban atmosphere. From 1998 to 2002 an increase in formaldehyde levels was observed and since then, a reduction. This work presents a monitoring campaign that was executed from March 2004 to February 2009 by sampling at early morning on every sunny Wednesday for a total of 183 samples. The results indicate a strong reduction in formaldehyde levels from 2004 (average of 135.8 μg m?3 with SD 28.4 μg m?3) to 2009 (average of 49.3 μg m?3 with SD 27.4 μg m?3). The levels of acetaldehyde showed a slight reduction from 2004 (average of 34.9 μg m?3 with SD 8.0 μg m?3) to 2009 (average of 26.8 μg m?3 with SD 11.5 μg m?3). Comparing the results with the concurrent evolution of the fleet and of fuel composition indicates that the observed formaldehyde levels could be associated with the increase in ethanol use and in CNG use by engines with improved technology over the first converted CNG engines. Modelling studies using the OZIPR trajectory model and the SAPRC chemical mechanism indicate that formaldehyde is the main ozone precursor in Rio de Janeiro and acetaldehyde is the forth one. 相似文献
79.
Jorge Pey Andrés Alastuey Xavier Querol Sergio Rodríguez 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(38):4879-4890
Different monitoring parameters (PM mass concentrations, number–size distribution, black carbon, gaseous pollutants, and chemical composition, among others) are currently used in air quality studies. Urban aerosols are the result of several sources and atmospheric processes, which suggests that a single monitoring technique is insufficient to quantitatively evaluate all of them.This study assesses the suitability of a number of monitoring techniques (PM mass concentrations, number and size distribution of ultra-fine particles, levels of gaseous pollutants, and a complete chemical characterization of PM10 and PM2.5) by examining the response of those techniques to the different emission sources and/or atmospheric processes affecting an urban Mediterranean area (Barcelona, NE Spain).The results of this work reveal that the PM mass, the number concentration and the chemical composition give different, but complementary, information. Whereas the mineral matter, a key atmospheric aerosol component across the Mediterranean, is not properly quantitatively assessed by measuring sub-micrometric particles, the monitoring of the number concentration is indispensable to interpret the origin of specific aerosol episodes. Furthermore, the chemical composition yields very relevant information to deduce the causes of specific pollution episodes.The number concentration of ultra-fine particles in urban areas is strongly dependent upon vehicle exhaust emissions, which may cause adverse health impacts. Moreover, urban Mediterranean environments are favourable to produce nucleation-mode particles (<20 nm) with photochemical origin. In those cases, these particles are expected to be of high solubility and consequently their toxicity may differ from that of traffic-generated ultra-fine particles. Thus, the use of a single monitoring parameter to evaluate the health effects seems to be not enough. 相似文献
80.
Luis M. Romeo Sergio Usón Antonio Valero Jesús M. Escosa 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2010,4(4):647-654
A common characteristic of carbon capture and storage systems is the important energy consumption associated with the CO2 capture process. This important drawback can be solved with the analysis, synthesis and optimization of this type of energy systems. The second law of thermodynamics has proved to be an essential tool in power and chemical plant optimization. The exergy analysis method has demonstrated good results in the synthesis of complex systems and efficiency improvements in energy applications.In this paper, a synthesis of pinch analysis and second law analysis is used to show the optimum window design of the integration of a calcium looping cycle into an existing coal power plant for CO2 capture. Results demonstrate that exergy analysis is an essential aid to reduce energy penalties in CO2 capture energy systems. In particular, for the case of carbonation/calcination CO2 systems integrated in existing coal power plants, almost 40% of the additional exergy consumption is available in the form of heat. Accordingly, the efficiency of the capture cycle depends strongly on the possibility of using this heat to produce extra steam (live, reheat and medium pressure) to generate extra power at steam turbine. The synthesis of pinch and second law analysis could reduce the additional coal consumption due to CO2 capture 2.5 times, from 217 to 85 MW. 相似文献