The effect of industrial activities on trace metals in farmland of rapidly industrializing regions in developing countries has increasingly been a concern to the public. Here, soils were collected from 13 greenhouse vegetable production (GVP) farms or bases near industrial areas in the Yangtze River Delta of China to investigate the occurrence, speciation, and risks of Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Pb in GVP soil. The results revealed that the main metal elements causing GVP soil pollution were Cd, Zn, Ni, and Cu, of which contamination levels were generally unpolluted to moderately polluted. Zinc pollution was mainly attributed to heavy fertilization, while Cd, Ni, and Cu pollution may be greatly ascribed to industrial effluents and coal combustion. Metal speciation studies showed that most of Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn was present in residual fraction while more than half of Cd and Pb was present in non-residual fractions. Additionally, pollution of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn in GVP soil increased their corresponding mobile fractions. Risk assessment using potential ecological risk index and risk assessment code showed that Cd was the major risk contributor. Specifically, Cd generally posed moderate or considerable ecological risk as well as displayed medium or high mobility risk in GVP soil. Thus, great attention should be paid to the contribution of both industrial discharges and intensive farming to soil pollution by trace metals, especially Cd, because of its high mobility risk.
In recent decades, biodegradation has been considered a promising and eco-friendly way to eliminate organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) from the environment. To enrich current biodegrading-enzyme resources, an alkaline phosphatase (AP3) from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YP6 was characterized and utilized to test the potential for new applications in the biodegradation of five broad-spectrum OPs. Characterization of AP3 demonstrated that activity was optimal at 40?°C and pH 10.3. The activity of AP3 was enhanced by Mg2+, Ca2+, and Cu2+, and strongly inhibited by Mn2+, EDTA, and L-Cys. Compared to disodium phenyl phosphate, p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) was more suitable to AP3, and the Vm, Km, kcat, kcat/Km values of AP3 for pNPP were 4,033?U mg?1, 12.2?mmol L?1, 3.3?×?106 s?1, and 2.7?×?108 s?1mol?1L, respectively. Degradation of the five OPs, which included chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos, dipterex, phoxim, and triazophos, was 18.7%, 53.0%, 5.5%, 68.3%, and 96.3%, respectively, after treatment with AP3 for 1?h. After treatment of the OP for 8?h, AP3 activities remained more than 80%, with the exception of phoxim. It can be postulated that AP3 may have a broad OP-degradation ability and could possibly provide excellent potential for biodegradation and bioremediation in polluted ecosystems. 相似文献
Ambio - This paper analyzes the interplay between soil fertility, crop biodiversity, and farmers’ revenues. We use a large, original, farm-level panel dataset. Findings indicate that both... 相似文献
This study assesses the growth of the microalgae Nannochloris oculata in the presence of lindane and the ability of N. oculata to remove lindane from media. Algal biomass increased with 0.1 and 0.5 mg L?1 of lindane, and lindane concentrations in the media decreased. N. oculata removed 73% and 68.2% of lindane in the 0.1 and 0.5 mg L?1 media concentrations, respectively. Algal biomass decreased to the level of the control at lindane concentrations greater than 2.5 mg L?1, probably due to toxicity. N. oculata removed lindane from the media at concentrations lower than 1.0 mg L?1. Thus, N. oculata may be useful for lindane bioremediation in contaminated aquatic systems. 相似文献
Livelihoods of people living in many protected areas (PAs) around the world are in conflict with biodiversity conservation.
In Mexico, the decrees of creation of biosphere reserves state that rural communities with the right to use buffer zones must
avoid deforestation and their land uses must become sustainable, a task which is not easily accomplished. The objectives of
this paper are: (a) to analyze the conflict between people’s livelihoods and ecosystem protection in the PAs of the Sierra
Madre de Chiapas (SMC), paying special attention to the rates and causes of deforestation and (b) to review policy options
to ensure forest and ecosystem conservation in these PAs, including the existing payments for environmental services system
and improvements thereof as well as options for sustainable land management. We found that the three largest PAs in the SMC
are still largely forested, and deforestation rates have decreased since 2000. Cases of forest conversion are located in specific
zones and are related to agrarian and political conflicts as well as growing economic inequality and population numbers. These
problems could cause an increase in forest loss in the near future. Payments for environmental services and access to carbon
markets are identified as options to ensure forest permanence but still face problems. Challenges for the future are to integrate
these incentive mechanisms with sustainable land management and a stronger involvement of land holders in conservation. 相似文献
Since the liberalisation of its investment regime in the 1990s, Argentina has seen a rise in foreign direct investment into large-scale exploration and exploitation of mineral resources. However, many social groups (local communities, grassroots movement and the church) often strongly oppose new mining projects on the grounds of environmental, ethical and economic concerns. In a situation marked by widespread conflict, mining companies continue operating and develop Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives which are often promoted as a means of contributing to the sustainability and development of the nation. The paper develops a framework to highlight how the principles of stakeholder theory could be used as conceptual and practical guidance for conflict-resolution oriented CSR policies. The framework is further used to analyse two case studies of conflictive mining projects in Argentina. The paper explores how key stakeholders perceive contribution of CSR to welfare and the socio-economic development of mining communities and sustainable development of the nation. It demonstrates that institutional and social stakeholder networks often strongly oppose the idea of voluntary self-regulation implied by CSR in situations characterised by weak governance. Even though the CSR of companies could be improved in areas of corporate communication, transparency, stakeholder engagement and dialogue, it is not seen as a panacea for the social conflicts in the sector. 相似文献