折板絮凝池流场的粒子图像测速试验研究

利用粒子图像测速(PIV)技术对折板絮凝池模型中的复杂流场进行测量,分析了折板絮凝池的缩放单元和转折单元内部流场对絮凝效果的影响机制.絮凝试验表明,90°异波折板与90°同波波折板组合的浊度去除率最高,达到了97.7%,这对折板絮凝池的成本效益设计提供了理论依据.     

碱渣对锌(Ⅱ)离子吸附特性的研究

研究了锌在碱渣表面的吸附特征.结果表明,碱渣总吸附量随体系温度的升高而降低;随体系 pH 值的升高而增加;随吸附质初始浓度的增加而增大.在 pH<5.51 时其等温吸附能较好地符合 Freudlich 等温吸附规律,而在 pH5.51 时,能较好地符合 Langmuir 等温吸附规律,吸附热随 pH 的增大而升高.当pH≤5.51时,碱渣的吸附力以范德华力平和疏水键力的作用为主,而当 pH6.17 时,以化学键力为主.在 pH 为 5.05、6.07和7.03时,碱渣对 Zn26 的吸附动力学方程都以 Langmuir 方程的拟合效果最优.     

长江三角洲的的生产力布局、基础设施与城市发展

随着社会经济的发展，长江三角洲的生产力布局也发生相应的变化，针对其现状特征和发展动向，论述了生产力布局的基本框架以及相关的基础设施、城市发展等问题。     

Influence of nonionic surfactant on the solubilization and biodegradation of phenanthrene

Phenanthrene was solubilized in two different nonionic surfactants, Tween80 and Triton X-100. The bioavailability of phenanthrane to the bacteria isolated from the petroleum contaminated soils was studied based on the rotary flasks experiments. The results showed that the concentration of nonionic surfactants above the critical micelle concentration (CMC) can increase the solubility of phenanthrene in water andwere innoxious to the phenanthrene-degrading bacteria; phenanthrene solubilized in the micelles of Tween80 was bioavailable and biodegradable. The research demonstrated the potential of surfactant-enhanced bioremediation of soils contaminated by hydrophobic organic comoounds( HOCs).     

粉纹夜蛾颗粒体病毒全长增效基因在大肠杆菌中的表达

利用PCR技术扩增了粉纹夜蛾(Trichoplusia ni)颗粒体病毒增效基因全长片段,扩增产物用EcoRⅠ/HindⅢ双酶消化,经0.7%低熔点琼脂糖凝胶电泳纯化后插入pRSET-B中,得重组表达质粒pRSET/enhancin;但重组子生长异常,在IPTG诱导下未能明显表达目标蛋白.用PstⅠ/HindⅢ双酶消化pRSET/enhancin,电泳回收2.7kb片段后插入pQE-30中,得重组表达载体pQE/enhancin;在IPTG诱导下于35℃成功表达出分子量(Mr)约为108×103的融合蛋白并命名为P108.初步纯化的P108显示了极显著的增效活性,对棉铃虫核型多角体病毒感染棉铃虫3龄幼虫的7d致死率提高34.03%,LT50缩短1.4d;对苏云金杆菌杀棉铃虫3龄幼虫的72h致死率提高65.96%.图4表2参14     

化工项目的环境风险评价探析——以甲基丙烯酸甲酯工程为例

风险评价是化工项目环境影响评价的重点工作之一,结合对MMA生产过程中工艺过程及产污环节进行解析,了解原辅料及主副产品的理化特性,通过对工程潜在的环境风险环节进行识别和风险类型确定,从而科学准确地进行风险源项分析,以故障树方式确定事故发生的最大概率,进而完成各种事故状态下的后果影响分析,并根据事故产生的后果,提出防范和减缓事故发生后的风险,从组织措施、技术措施等诸多方面提出风险管理方案和应急防范预案,来保障事故一旦发生对环境的影响降低到最小程度.     

试论高等级公路的环境经济分析与实践

简要分析了公路工程环境经济分析的必要性,应用层次分析法(AHP)筛选出公路工程环境经济分析指标体系;应用环境经济学的方法初步探讨了公路工程建设的环境经济损失的价值评估方法和数学模型,以便在定量化评价中作指导和参考.     

Probabilistic risk assessment for pedestrian–vehicle collision considering uncertainties of pedestrian mobility

Objectives: The uncertainties of pedestrian mobility are important factors affecting the accuracy and robustness of an active pedestrian protection system. This study is to provide the means for probabilistic risk evaluation of pedestrian–vehicle collision by counting the uncertainties in pedestrian motion.

Method: The pedestrian is modeled by a first-order Markov model to characterize the stochastic properties in mobility according to field experiments of pedestrians crossing an uncontrolled road. Based on the assumption of Gaussian distribution, unscented transformation (UT) is employed to predict the collision risk probability with the symmetric σ-set constructed on the basis of discrete trajectory simulation. Simulation experiments were carried out with 10,000 Monte Carlo (MC) simulations as the reference.

Results: The probability density distributions of time-to-collision, minimal distance, and collision probability estimated by UT coincide with the reference ones under various vehicle–pedestrian conflict scenarios, and the maximal deviation of collision probability from the reference is 5.33%. The UT method is about 600 times faster than the MC method (10,000 runs), which means that the proposed method has the potential for online application.

Conclusions: This article presents an effective and efficient algorithm to estimate the collision probability by using a UT method to solve the nonlinear transformation of uncertainties in pedestrian motion. Simulation results show that the UT-based method achieves accurate collision probability estimation and higher computation efficiency than MC and provides more valuable information concerning collision avoidance than the deterministic methods in the design of a pedestrian collision avoidance system.     

Modeling of acute cadmium toxicity in solution to barley root elongation using biotic ligand model theory

Protons（H⁺）as well as different major and trace elements may inhibit cadmium（Cd）uptake in aquatic organisms and thus alleviate Cd toxicity.However,little is known about such interactions in soil organisms.In this study,the independent effects of the cations calcium(Ca²⁺),magnesium(Mg²⁺),potassium（K⁺）,H+and zinc(Zn²⁺)on Cd toxicity were investigated with 5-day long barley root elongation tests in nutrient solutions.The tested concentrations of selected cations and trace metal ions were based on the ranges that occur naturally in soil pore water.The toxicity of Cd decreased with increasing activity of Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,H⁺and Zn²⁺,but not K⁺.Accordingly,conditional binding constants were obtained for the binding of Cd²⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,H⁺,and Zn²⁺ with the binding ligand:log K_CdBL5.19,logK_CaBL2.87,logK_MgBL2.98,logK_HBL5.13 and logK_ZnBL5.42,respectively.Furthermore,it was calculated that on average 29% of the biotic ligand sites needed to be occupied by Cd to induce a 50% decrease in root elongation.Using the estimated constants,a biotic ligand model was successfully developed to predict the Cd toxicity to barley root elongation as a function of solution characteristics.The feasibility and accuracy of its application for predicting Cd toxicity in soils were discussed.     

酸浸—萃取—沉淀法回收废锂离子电池中的钴

采用酸浸—萃取—沉淀法回收废锂离子电池中的钴。实验结果表明:废锂离子电池在600℃下煅烧5 h可将正极材料上的有机黏结剂与正极活性物质分离;正极活性物质在Na OH溶液浓度为2.0 mol/L、n(Na OH)∶n(铝)=2.5、碱浸温度为20℃的条件下碱浸反应1 h后,铝浸出率达99.7%;已除铝的正极活性物质在硫酸浓度为2.5 mol/L、H_2O_2质量浓度为7.25 g/L、液固比为10、酸浸温度为85℃的条件下酸浸反应120 min,钴浸出率高达98.0%;酸浸液在p H为3.5、萃取剂P507与Cyanex272体积比为1∶1的条件下,经2级萃取,钴萃取率为95.5%;采用H_2SO_4溶液反萃后在硫化钠质量浓度为8 g/L、反萃液p H为4的条件下沉淀反应10 min,钴沉淀率达99.9%。