Effects of Acid Rain on Competitive Releases of Cd, Cu, and Zn from Two Natural Soils and Two Contaminated Soils in Hunan, China

Leaching experiments of rebuilt soil columns with two simulated acid rain solutions (pH 4.6–3.8) were conducted for two natural soils and two artificial contaminated soils from Hunan, south-central China, to study effects of acid rain on competitive releases of soil Cd, Cu, and Zn. Distilled water was used in comparison. The results showed that the total releases were Zn>Cu>Cd for the natural soils and Cd>Zn≫Cu for the contaminated soils, which reflected sensitivity of these metals to acid rain. Leached with different acid rain, about 26–76% of external Cd and 11–68% external Zn were released, but more than 99% of external Cu was adsorbed by the soils, and therefore Cu had a different sorption and desorption pattern from Cd and Zn. Metal releases were obviously correlated with releases of TOC in the leachates, which could be described as an exponential equation. Compared with the natural soils, acid rain not only led to changes in total metal contents, but also in metal fraction distributions in the contaminated soils. More acidified soils had a lower sorption capacity to metals, mostly related to soil properties such as pH, organic matter, soil particles, adsorbed SO₄ ²⁻, exchangeable Al³⁺ and H⁺, and contents of Fe₂O₃ and Al₂O₃.     

P(AM-DMDAAC-VAM)共聚物的合成及其絮凝性能

以丙烯酰胺(AM)、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)、乙酸乙烯酯(VAM)为单体,采用水溶液自由基胶束共聚合法合成了疏水缔合阳离子型共聚物P(AM-DMDAAC-VAM),并对其进行了红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱表征。实验结果表明:在P(AM-DMDAAC-VAM)加入量为14 mg/L、絮凝温度为30~60℃、硅藻土悬浊液pH为8~11时,P(AM-DMDAAC-VAM)对硅藻土悬浊液的絮凝效果最好,上清液透光率高达97.5%。     

非离子型聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的制备及其絮凝性能

以丙烯酰胺（AM）和烷基酚聚醚（APAP）为单体,采用反相乳液聚合法制备了流动性好的非离子型聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂（PAM-APAP）。考察了乳化剂和引发剂的种类、单体总质量分数、单体配比和反应温度等因素对聚合反应的影响。实验结果表明,制备PAM-APAP的最佳工艺条件为：单体总质量分数35%、m（AM）∶m（APAP）=9.0∶1.0、Span80+Tween80复配乳化剂加入量为油水总质量的7%、m（Span80）∶m（Tween80）=7.0∶1.5、V50加入量为单体总质量的1.5‰、反应温度50℃。PAM-APAP具有较好的絮凝效果,与其他絮凝剂相比用量较少,在加入量为100mg/L时,对聚合物驱油中产生的含聚合物污水的浊度去除率为87.9%,去油率为89.5%,且絮体不黏壁。     

基于环境地理信息平台的预警系统的构建

随着经济的高速发展,环境污染事故也呈现出上升的势头,环境污染事故不仅造成了环境危害,而且对人民群众的安全产生了重大威胁。鉴于环境污染事故的多发性、危害性,应急处置显然非常重要,而构建强大的应急处置信息系统有助于应急处置和分析决策的顺利进行。本文分析了环境应急处置需求,提出了建立环境污染应急管理信息系统的设计框架。     

A restoration-promoting integrated floating bed and its experimental performance in eutrophication remediation

Numerous studies on eutrophication remediation have mainly focused on purifying water first, then restoring submerged macrophytes. A restoration-promoting integrated floating bed （RPIFB） was designed to combine the processes of water purification and macrophyte restoration simultaneously. Two outdoor experiments were conducted to evaluate the ecological functions of the RP1FB. Trial 1 was conducted to compare the eutrophication purification among floating bed, gradual-submerging bed （GSB） and RPIFB technologies. The results illustrated that RPIFB has the best purification capacity. Removal efficiencies of RPIFB for TN, TP,NH4＋-N, NO3-N, CODcr, Chlorophyll-a and turbidity were 74.45%, 98.31%, 74.71%, 88.81%, 71.42%, 90.17% and 85%, respectively. In trial 2, influences of depth of GSB and photic area in RPIFB on biota were investigated. When the depth of GSB decreased and the photic area of RPIFB grew, the height of Potamogeton crispus Linn. increased, but the biomass of Canna indica Linn. was reduced. The mortalities of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus and Bellamya aeruginosa in each group were all less than 7%. All results indicated that when the RPIFB was embedded into the eutrophic water, the regime shift from phytoplankton-dominated to macrophyte-dominated state could be promoted. Thus, the RPIFB is a promising remediation technology for eutrophication and submerged macrophyte restoration.     

Ambient volatile organic compounds at a receptor site in the Pearl River Delta region: Variations, source apportionment and effects on ozone formation

We present the continuously measurements of volatile organic compounds（VOCs） at a receptor site（Wan Qing Sha, WQS） in the Pearl River Delta（PRD） region from September to November of 2017. The average mixing ratios of total VOCs（TVOCs） was 36.3 ± 27.9 ppbv with the dominant contribution from alkanes（55.5%）, followed by aromatics（33.3%）. The diurnal variation of TVOCs showed a strong photochemical consumption during daytime,resulting in the formation of ozone（O₃）. Five VOC sources were ...     

三唑酮对大型溞21天慢性毒性效应

三唑类杀菌剂是一种在农业上广泛应用的广谱性杀菌剂。三唑类杀菌剂在农田施用后能够向土壤深处迁移和扩散,从而污染土壤和地下水体,因此三唑类杀菌剂对土壤生态环境能够造成一定的破坏。选择三唑酮为研究对象,参照经济合作与发展组织(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Developement,OECD)标准方法研究三唑酮对大型溞的慢性毒性效应。21d慢性毒性研究结果表明,大型溞繁殖指标-内禀增长率是对三唑酮最为敏感的毒性参数。其慢性毒性下限值(LCL)和慢性毒性上限值(UCL)分别为40和80μg·L-1。三唑酮对于第2代大型溞,染毒的影响比对第1代的影响更大。对第2代恢复的大型溞除了第1次产卵数没有显著性差异,其他指标都有所变化,这说明毒物被转移到子代中。     

Mn对超富集植物青葙Cd毒害的缓解效应

为了探究Cd胁迫下青葙中Mn的生理作用,通过水培实验,研究在Cd暴露下(0、5和25 μmol·L-1 )施加Mn(5、100和1 000 μmol·L-1 )对青葙的干重、叶绿素含量、Cd含量和青葙根部不同区域实时Cd2+流速的影响.结果表明,提高Mn的供应水平可缓解Cd对青葙生长的抑制效应.在Cd浓度为5 μmol...     

近地层O3污染对陆地生态系统的影响

随着全球气候变化对生态环境的影响日益增加,近地层臭氧(O3)污染的环境生态效应备受人们关注.现有研究表明,陆地生态系统的温室气体NOx和CH4释放、矿质能源消耗和机动车辆尾气排放量的增加将加剧近地层O3污染.O3污染通过降低植物叶片气孔导度、光合速率和净同化作用,改变同化物的分配,进而抑制植物生长和加速植物老化,导致作物和林木减产.O3污染导致植物-土壤系统碳积累和周定降低势必影响未来全球碳动力学和碳预算,而植物和根系生长受到抑制则不利于土壤养分、水分的吸收进而影响植物-土壤系统养分循环,但目前报导极少,尚无法准确判断对全球碳和养分循环的影响,亟待深入研究.由于环境因素间具有互作效应,目前模拟研究过多集中O3与CO2增加对陆地生态系统的复合效应方面,而与其它环境因子(如O3与NO、SO2、水分、温度等)的复合效应研究偏少,不利于在全球气候变化背景下深入了解与预测O3污染对陆地生态系统的影响程度与趋势.基于研究现状,未来应加强:(1)地表O3监测网络建设和监测,结合田间试验和建模加强草地、森林和农田生态系统对O3污染的响应研究;(2)长期定位研究,侧重陆地生态系统对O3污染连合其它温室气体、温度增加等模拟未来气候情景下的环境响应研究;(3)O3污染下土壤.植物系统碳循环和固定研究;(4)O3污染条件下优势植物和农作物在不同时空条件下的土壤.植物系统养分利用研究;以期为判断和预测全球气候变化背景下陆地生态系统对近地层O3污染加剧的响应程度与趋势提供数据资料和科学依据.     

Hydroelectricity production and forest conservation in watersheds.

Globally, particularly in developing countries, hydroelectricity production and economic growth occur together with ecosystem/biodiversity conservation in watersheds. There is a relationship between hydroelectricity production and ecosystem/biodiversity conservation in watersheds, centering on the supply and demand for ecosystem services of river water flow regulation and sediment retention. Here we show that, in the upper reach of the Yangtze River, hydroelectricity production of Three Gorges Hydroelectric Power Plant can form a beneficial relationship with forest conservation through the paid use (compensating residents for their cooperation in the conservation) of ecosystem services launched by the National Natural Forest Protection Project. This interaction can provide additional incentives to encourage local communities' long-term cooperation in conserving and protecting the restored forest ecosystems. Hydroelectricity plants also obtain benefits from this interaction. The industrialization of ecosystem services supply provides an operational framework for this beneficial interaction. Sustainable forest ecosystem conservation will require developing new institutions and policies and must involve local communities in the conservation and protection of their local forests.