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211.
Objectively best or most acceptable? Expert and lay knowledge in Swedish wind power permit processes
This article analyses legal aspects of the Swedish wind power development, theoretically based on how different types of knowledge are represented in legal contexts, mainly in the courts. A sample of appealed wind power permits is analysed, a handful of relevant informants are interviewed – including two judges in the Land and Environment Court and the appeal court – and the legal setting is analysed. Of key interest here is the interplay between expert and lay statements in the court cases, which here is related to the concepts of calculating and communicative rationalities that are developed in the planning literature. The results indicate that the juridification – which takes place as a permit issue is appealed in the judiciary system – supports the calculating rationality more than the communicative, and that the plaintiffs often attempt to adapt in how they shape their argumentation. 相似文献
212.
Marcos A. Lana Frank Eulenstein Sandro Schlindwein Edgardo Guevara Santiago Meira Angelika Wurbs Stefan Sieber Nikolai Svoboda Michelle Bonatti 《Regional Environmental Change》2016,16(5):1319-1331
Understanding climate change and its impacts on crops is crucial to determine adaptation strategies. Simulations of climate change impacts on agricultural systems are often run for individual sites. Nevertheless, the scaling up of crop model results can bring a more complete picture, providing better inputs for the decision-making process. The objective of this paper was to present a procedure to assess the regional impacts of climate scenarios on maize production, as well as the effect of crop cultivars and planting dates as an adaptation strategy. The focus region is Santa Catarina State, Brazil. The identification of agricultural areas cultivated with annual crops was done for the whole state, followed by the coupling of soil and weather information necessary for the crop modeling procedure (using crop model and regional circulation models). The impact on maize yields, so as the effect of adaptation strategies, was calculated for the 2012–2040 period assuming different maize cultivars and planting dates. Results showed that the exclusion of non-agricultural areas allowed the crop model to correctly simulate local and regional production. Simulations run without adaptation strategies for the 2012–2040 period showed reductions of 11.5–13.5 % in total maize production, depending on the cultivar. By using the best cultivar for each agricultural area, total state production was increased by 6 %; when using both adaptation strategies—cultivar and best planting date—total production increased by 15 %. This analysis showed that cultivar and planting date are feasible adaptation strategies to mitigate deleterious effects of climate scenarios, and crop models can be successfully used for regional assessments. 相似文献
213.
214.
Sebastián Tapia-Lewin Karina Vergara Christian De La Barra Natalio Godoy Juan Carlos Castilla Stefan Gelcich 《Ambio》2017,46(6):706-716
Artisanal fishery activities support the livelihoods of millions of people worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Within these fisheries, distal global drivers can promote switching between alternative target resources. These drivers can promote the rapid development of new, unregulated and previously unexploited fisheries that pose a threat to the sustainability of ecosystems. In this paper, we describe a new artisanal shore gathering activity that targets a previously unexploited resource: the sandhopper (Orchestoidea tuberculata). The activity is driven by aquarium trade demand for food. We used mixed methods to describe the activity, assessed basic socio-economic incentives, and estimated Catches per Unit Effort. Results show that the sandhopper plays an important role for the livelihoods of shore gatherers engaged in the activity. Gatherers have adapted and developed two main extraction methods with different degrees of investment and extraction rates. Furthermore, gatherers have developed local knowledge regarding the ecology and management of the resource. Results show that economic incentives can motivate a rapid expansion of this unregulated activity. Future research gaps and management options to address the development of this fishery are discussed in light of these findings. 相似文献
215.
Stefan Gelcich Camila Vargas Maria Jose Carreras Juan Carlos Castilla C. Josh Donlan 《Ambio》2017,46(2):184-189
Biodiversity offsets are becoming increasingly common across a portfolio of settings: national policy, voluntary programs, international lending, and corporate business structures. Given the diversity of ecological, political, and socio-economic systems where offsets may be applied, place-based information is likely to be most useful in designing and implementing offset programs, along with guiding principles that assure best practice. We reviewed the research on biodiversity offsets to explore gaps and needs. While the peer-reviewed literature on offsets is growing rapidly, it is heavily dominated by ecological theory, wetland ecosystems, and U.S.-based research. Given that majority of offset policies and programs are occurring in middle- and low-income countries, the research gaps we identified present a number of risks. They also present an opportunity to create regionally based learning platforms focused on pilot projects and institutional capacity building. Scientific research should diversify, both topically and geographically, in order to support the successful design, implementation, and monitoring of biodiversity offset programs. 相似文献
216.
Kees Klein Goldewijk Stefan C. Dekker Jan Luiten van Zanden 《Journal of Land Use Science》2017,12(5):313-337
Changes in land use and land cover are important in global climate change, but the many uncertainties in historical estimates seriously hamper climate modelling. We collected new data on estimated per capita land use over the last two millennia, using new data sources from the Humanities. In general, and in agreement with literature, we found that per capita land use indeed has not been constant in the past, but differ per region and over time. Land use in the distant past was mostly less than 1 ha/cap. However, the recently colonised regions show much higher values and have experienced a much higher per capita land use for the recent past. Most known trajectories follow a concave or bell-shaped curve towards the present. 相似文献
217.
Clausen Lauge Peter Westergaard Broholm Mette Martina Gosewinkel Ulrich Trapp Stefan 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(22):18320-18331
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a widespread soil and groundwater pollutant and clean-up is often problematic and expensive. Phytoremediation may be a... 相似文献
218.
Spatially explicit sensitivity and uncertainty analysis for multicriteria-based vulnerability assessment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bakhtiar Feizizadeh Stefan Kienberger 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2017,60(11):2013-2035
This research analyses the application of spatially explicit sensitivity and uncertainty analysis for GIS (Geographic Information System) multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) within a multi-dimensional vulnerability assessment regarding flooding in the Salzach river catchment in Austria. The research methodology is based on a spatially explicit sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of GIS-CDA for an assessment of the social, economic, and environmental dimensions of vulnerability. The main objective of this research is to demonstrate how a unified approach of uncertainty and sensitivity analysis can be applied to minimise the associated uncertainty within each dimension of the vulnerability assessment. The methodology proposed for achieving this objective is composed of four main steps. The first step is computing criteria weights using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). In the second step, Monte Carlo simulation is applied to calculate the uncertainties associated with AHP weights. In the third step, the global sensitivity analysis (GSA) is employed in the form of a model-independent method of output variance decomposition, in which the variability of the different vulnerability assessments is apportioned to every criterion weight, generating one first-order (S) and one total effect (ST) sensitivity index map per criterion weight. Finally, in the fourth step, an ordered weighted averaging method is applied to model the final vulnerability maps. The results of this research demonstrate the robustness of spatially explicit GSA for minimising the uncertainty associated with GIS-MCDA models. Based on these results, we conclude that applying the variance-based GSA enables assessment of the importance of each input factor for the results of the GIS-MCDA method, both spatially and statistically, thus allowing us to introduce and recommend GIS-based GSA as a useful methodology for minimising the uncertainty of GIS-MCDA. 相似文献
219.
Stefan Norra 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(5):539-545
Background, aim, and scope In 1875, the geoscientist Walter Suess introduced several spheres, such as the lithosphere and the atmosphere to promote a
comprehensive understanding of the system earth. Since then, this idea became the dominating concept for the understanding
of the distribution of chemical elements in the system earth. Meanwhile, due to the importance of human beings on global element
fluxes, the term anthroposphere was introduced. Nevertheless, in face of the ongoing urbanization of the earth, this concept
is not any more adequate enough to develop a comprehensive understanding of global element fluxes in and between solid, liquid,
and gaseous phases. This article discusses a new concept integrating urbanization into the geoscientific concept of spheres.
Main features No geological exogenic force has altered the earth’s surface during the last centuries in such an extent as human activity.
Humans have altered the morphology and element balances of the earth by establishing agrosystems first and urban systems later.
Currently, urban systems happen to become the main regulators for fluxes of many elements on a global scale due to ongoing
industrial and economic development and a growing number of inhabitants. Additionally, urban systems are constantly expanding
and cover more and more former natural and agricultural areas. For nature, urban systems are new phenomena, which never existed
in previous geological eras. The process of the globe’s urbanization concurrently is active with the global climate change.
In fact, urban systems are a major emitter for climate active gases. Thus, beside the global changes in economy and society,
urbanization is an important factor within the global change of nature as is already accepted for climate, ecosystems, and
biodiversity.
Results Due to the fact that urbanization has become a global process shaping the earth and that the urban systems are globally cross-linked
among each other, a new geoscientific sphere has to be introduced: the astysphere. This sphere comprises the parts of the
earth influenced by urban systems. Accepting urbanization as global ongoing process forming the astysphere comprehensively
copes with the growing importance of urbanization on the creation of present geologic formations.
Discussion Anthropogenic activities occur mainly in rural and urban environments. For long lasting periods of human history, human activities
mainly were focused on hunting and agriculture, but since industrialization, urbanized areas became increasingly important
for the material and energy fluxes of earth. Thus, it seems appropriate to classify the anthroposphere into an agriculturally
and an urban-dominated sphere, which are the agrosphere (Krishna 2003) and the astysphere (introduced by Norra 2007).
Conclusions We have to realize that urban systems are deposits, consumers, and transformers of resources interacting among each other
and forming a network around the globe. Since the future of human mankind depends on the sustainable use of available resources,
only a global and holistic view of the cross-linked urban systems forming together the astysphere provide the necessary geoscientific
background understanding for global urban material and energy fluxes. If we want to ensure worth-living conditions for future
generations of mankind, we have to develop global models of the future needs for resources by the global metasystem of urban
systems, called astysphere.
Perspectives The final vision for geoscientific research on the astysphere must be to design models describing the global process of urbanization
of the earth and the development of the astysphere with respect to fluxes of materials, elements, and energy as well as with
respect to the forming of the earth’s face. Besides that, just from the viewpoint of fundamental research, the geoscientific
concept of spheres has to be complemented by the astysphere if this concept shall fully represent the system earth.
相似文献
Stefan NorraEmail: |
220.
Stefan Schrader Jürgen Bender Hans-Joachim Weigel 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(12):3357-3362
A 2-year open-top chamber experiment with field-grown winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Astron) was conducted to examine the effects of ozone on plant growth and selected groups of soil mesofauna in the rhizosphere. From May through June in each year, plants were exposed to two levels of O3: non-filtered (NF) ambient air or NF+ 40 ppb O3 (NF+). During O3 exposure, soil sampling was performed at two dates according to different plant growth stages. O3 exposure reduced above- and below-ground plant biomass in the first year, but had little effect in the second year. The individual density of enchytraeids, collembolans and soil mites decreased significantly in the rhizosphere of plants exposed to NF+ in both years. Differences were highest around anthesis, i.e. when plants are physiologically most active. The results suggest that elevated O3 concentrations may influence the dynamic of decomposition processes and the turnover of nutrients. 相似文献