宋代关中地区旱灾研究

通过对宋代关中平原历史文献资料的整理和分析,来了解此时关中平原干旱灾害的年度变化、等级差异、发生季节、地区间的频次分布情况。据统计,宋代关中平原从公元960年至1279年,共319年,发生旱灾95次,平均每3.3年发生一次;旱灾频次在宋代早、中、晚期变化不均,早期发生频次最多,中期最少,晚期较少,但变幅较大。旱灾主要集中于春、夏两季;空间上关中自东向西灾害频次逐渐增多。在旱灾等级分布上,可划分为小、中、大、特大四级灾害,各占40%、35%、17%、8%。旱灾频发的原因主要有降水和气候异常波动、地形位置、人口增加、政治战争等。     

水稻秸秆生物炭对水体中DDE的吸附性能研究

通过模拟实验,初步考察了一款水稻秸秆生物炭对水中滴滴涕农药的吸附效应。吸附动力学与吸附等温线的结果表明,水稻秸秆生物炭对水中滴滴涕具有吸附速度快、吸附容量高的特点,在水体有机污染物防治中具有较好应用前景。     

我国与国外民间直升机救援的比较研究

本文通过对国外和我国民间直升机的救援现状进行分析,从救援装备、专业人才、基础设施、政策法规、运营模式等方面做了对比研究,发现我国在各方面都存在较大差距,提出了构建我国民间直升机救援体系的具体措施。     

北京增干旱、雷电、霾三种灾害天预警

能即时发布信息的公共设施,都将发布气象灾害预警信号.2007年7月14日下午,北京市气象局首席预报员孙继松在介绍<北京市气象灾害预警信号与防御指南>时说,北京将利用现有公共设施扩大气象灾害预警信号发布的覆盖面,让更多的人能及时了解天气变化.     

Low cost measurements of nitrogen and sulphur dry deposition velocities at a semi-alpine site: gradient measurements and a comparison with deposition model estimates

The conditional time averaged gradient method was used to measure air-surface exchange of nitrogen and sulphur compounds at a semi-alpine site in Southern Norway. Dry deposition velocities were then obtained from the bi-weekly concentration gradient measurements. Annual deposition velocities were found to be 1.4, 11.8 and 4.0 mm s(-1) for NH3, HNO3 and SO2, respectively, if all data were included, and to be 10.8, 11.8 and 13.0 mm s(-1), respectively, if only positive values were included. Measured deposition velocities were compared to two sets of values estimated from a big-leaf dry deposition module applying to two different land types (short grass and forbs, and tundra), driven by measured micrometeorological parameters. The deposition module gives reasonable values for this site throughout the year, but does not reproduce the large variability as shown in the measured data. No apparent seasonal variations were found from either measurements or module estimates due to the very low productivity of the studied area.     

Effect of two major N-nitroso hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) metabolites on earthworm reproductive success

Soil and topical tests were employed to investigate the effect of two N-nitroso metabolites of RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) on earthworm reproduction. The lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) for cocoon production and hatching was 50mg/kg for both hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (MNX) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine (TNX) in soil. MNX and TNX also significantly affected cocoon hatching in soil (p<0.001) and in topical tests (p=0.001). The LOECs for cocoon hatching were 1 and 10mg/kg for MNX and TNX in soil, respectively, and 10mg/L in the topical test. Greater than 100mg/kg MNX and TNX completely inhibited cocoon hatching. In soil, the EC20 values for MNX were 8.7 and 8.8mg/kg for cocoon and juvenile production, respectively, compared to 9.2 and 9.1mg/kg for TNX, respectively. The EC20 values for the total number of cocoon hatchlings were 3.1 and 4.7mg/kg for MNX and TNX, respectively, in soil and 4.5 and 3.1mg/L in the topical test. Both MNX and TNX inhibited cocoon production and hatching, suggesting that they may have a negative affect on soil ecosystems at contaminated sites.     

A directional passive air sampler for monitoring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air mass

A passive air sampler was developed for collecting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air mass from various directions. The airflow velocity within the sampler was assessed for its responses to ambient wind speed and direction. The sampler was examined for trapped particles, evaluated quantitatively for influence of airflow velocity and temperature on PAH uptake, examined for PAH uptake kinetics, calibrated against active sampling, and finally tested in the field. The airflow volume passing the sampler was linearly proportional to ambient wind speed and sensitive to wind direction. The uptake rate for an individual PAH was a function of airflow velocity, temperature and the octanol-air partitioning coefficient of the PAH. For all PAHs with more than two rings, the passive sampler operated in a linear uptake phase for three weeks. Different PAH concentrations were obtained in air masses from different directions in the field test.     

A preliminary in vitro assessment of GroBiotic-A, brewer's yeast and fructooligosaccharide as prebiotics for the red drum Sciaenops ocellatus

This study examined the effects of brewers yeast, fructooligosaccharide (FOS), and GroBiotic-A, a mixture of partially autolyzed brewers yeast, dairy components and dried fermentation products, on the intestinal microbial community of red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. Gastrointestinal (GI) tracts were aseptically removed from three sub-adult red drum previously maintained on a commercial diet and placed in an anaerobic chamber. Intestinal contents were removed, diluted and incubated in vitro in one of four liquid media: normal diet alone, diet + 2% (w/w) GroBiotic-A, diet + 2% brewers yeast, and diet + 2% FOS. After 24 and 48 h of incubation at 25 degrees C, supernatants were removed for volatile fatty acid (VFA) analysis and DNA was extracted for denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on a highly conserved region of M 16S rDNA and the amplicons were subjected to DGGE. The microbial community (MC) fingerprint was used to distinguish microbial populations. The intestinal contents incubated with GroBiotic-A had significantly (P<0.05) higher acetate and total VFA concentrations at 48 h compared to the other treatments. DGGE analysis demonstrated that the microbial community was significantly altered by Grobiotic-A and brewers yeast.     

胜利油田含油污泥的植物修复研究

胜利油田滨一污水站产生的含油污泥经俄罗斯菌剂修复后含油量仍较高,为进一步降低其含油量,采用了植物修复技术.在总面积为1 000 m2的含油污泥修复场地上,分别种植了高羊茅、苜蓿、大豆、玉米和高粱,进行了120 d的植物修复.检测了植物修复前后含油污泥的含油量、基本理化性质、生物毒性、微生物数量和代谢功能多样性.对比发现,植物修复后含油污泥的石油降解率最高可达34.09%,持水率提高,生物毒性下降,微生物数量增加及代谢功能多样性增强.实验说明,植物修复是处理含油污泥的有效方法之一.     

醇胺溶液吸收与解吸CO2的研究

在温度333K、常压条件下,在羟乙基乙二胺(AEE)总量一定的溶液中,研究了不同浓度AEE对CO2的吸收性能;在总胺质量分数为40%的溶液中,研究了不同配比的AEE N-甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA)对CO2的吸收性能.考察了吸收过程中吸收速率、吸收量、吸收时间、AEE浓度以及吸收液温度的相互关系.控制解吸过程温度为393K,考察了CO2解吸量与解吸时间的关系.实验表明,适当降低AEE浓度有利于充分发挥AEE溶液的CO2吸收性能;在MDEA溶液中加入适量AEE,可以明显提高CO2的吸收与解吸性能;其中质量分数为20?E 20%MDEA的复合溶液在CO2吸收与解吸过程中表现出良好的实际操作性.