不同比例乙酸和丙酸对活性污泥微生物合成聚羟基脂肪酸酯的影响

聚羟基脂肪酸酯（PHA）是一种生物可降解塑料,利用活性污泥合成PHA具有节约成本、操作方便的优点。研究选择污泥发酵液挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）中比重相对较高的乙酸和丙酸作为碳源自配营养液,深入研究不同质量浓度比对PHA合成的影响。结果表明,乙酸为主要碳源时更有利于PHA的合成,最大合成量12.3%出现在乙酸作为唯一碳源的条件下。此外,PHA合成量随着底物中有机酸比重的增加而增加,充分展现了利用挥发性脂肪酸大量合成PHA的良好前景。     

对重大危险源安全预警系统的探讨

阐述了安全预警技术和重大危险源安全预警系统的建立.重大危险源安全预警系统的建立,将对实现重大危险源安全监察工作信息化、科学化、现代化起到积极的推动作用.     

基于MMA7260QT的危险场所跌倒检测设备的研制

在石化企业生产过程中,如何正确检测判别跌倒行为已成为危险场所安全防护的关键,传统的判别方法已不适应石化行业特殊的工作环境和行为特点。通过对三轴加速度传感器MMA7260QT原理的研究,结合毒性气体传感器和无线传输技术,采用低功耗微处理器MSP430F249,研制了一种危险场所用跌倒检测设备。介绍了三轴加速度传感器MMA7260QT的结构和原理,给出了设备系统设计。根据石化行业危险场所特点,建立了跌倒模型,分析了三轴加速度传感器检测信息的处理,确定出跌倒判断阈值。实验结果表明,研制的设备跌倒检测准确,符合石化行业危险场所应用需求。     

建筑电气火灾事故人员不安全行为风险评估

为量化分析建筑电气火灾事故中不安全动作造成的风险,本文运用事故致因"2-4"模型从火源产生、火灾发展、灭火3个环节进行事故直接原因分析;然后将各环节的不安全动作风险后果和发生概率设为随机变量,构建基于蒙特卡罗法的事故人员不安全行为风险评估模型,运用Crystal Ball 11.1软件分析模拟3个环节不安全动作风险,并对人员不安全行为的敏感性和不确定性进行分析;最后提出建筑电气火灾事故人员不安全动作风险预防措施.结果表明:火源产生环节行为风险最大,火灾发展环节行为风险最小;电器产品使用不当,违规存储、使用易燃易爆物品,未按规定维护保养消防器材设施这3种不安全动作对建筑电气火灾行为风险影响较大.     

Comparison of the daily global solar radiation from different data sources in Northwest China climate

The solar radiation data are of high importance to the solar energy systems. Conventional methods to obtain the solar radiation data are from weather stations, solar radiation models, commercial software databases, and field measurements. In the present study, a new daily global solar radiation model is proposed, by combining the quadratic function of sunshine fraction and sine function of the day of the year. The solar radiation model calculated data are then compared with China Meteorological Data Sharing System (CMDSS) data, TRNSYS data, and field-measured data in Northwest China climate. It is found that the newly proposed solar radiation model has better performance than the other nine solar radiation models in the literature. The solar radiation model calculated data fit well with the CMDSS annually average data. The TRNSYS data are a bit larger than the CMDSS annually average data in summer half year and a little smaller than those in winter half year. The solar radiation model and the CMDSS annually average data have the best correlation, whereas the TRNSYS data and the field-measured data have the worst correlation. The solar radiation model calculated data have the best correlation with the other three data sources.     

Approaching the upper boundary of driver-response relationships: identifying factors using a novel framework integrating quantile regression with interpretable machine learning

● A novel framework integrating quantile regression with machine learning is proposed. ● It aims to identify factors driving observations to upper boundary of relationship. ● Increasing N:P and TN concentration help fulfill the effect of TP on CHL. ● Wetter and warmer decrease potential and increase eutrophication control difficulty. ● The framework advances applications of quantile regression and machine learning. The identification of factors that may be forcing ecological observations to approach the upper boundary provides insight into potential mechanisms affecting driver-response relationships, and can help inform ecosystem management, but has rarely been explored. In this study, we propose a novel framework integrating quantile regression with interpretable machine learning. In the first stage of the framework, we estimate the upper boundary of a driver-response relationship using quantile regression. Next, we calculate “potentials” of the response variable depending on the driver, which are defined as vertical distances from the estimated upper boundary of the relationship to observations in the driver-response variable scatter plot. Finally, we identify key factors impacting the potential using a machine learning model. We illustrate the necessary steps to implement the framework using the total phosphorus (TP)-Chlorophyll a (CHL) relationship in lakes across the continental US. We found that the nitrogen to phosphorus ratio (N׃P), annual average precipitation, total nitrogen (TN), and summer average air temperature were key factors impacting the potential of CHL depending on TP. We further revealed important implications of our findings for lake eutrophication management. The important role of N׃P and TN on the potential highlights the co-limitation of phosphorus and nitrogen and indicates the need for dual nutrient criteria. Future wetter and/or warmer climate scenarios can decrease the potential which may reduce the efficacy of lake eutrophication management. The novel framework advances the application of quantile regression to identify factors driving observations to approach the upper boundary of driver-response relationships.     

离子液体吸收废印刷线路板热拆解过程中挥发性有机物——基于COSMO-RS模型

模拟废印刷线路板（WPCB）的热拆解过程,分析热拆解过程中的挥发性有机物（VOCs）组分;利用真实溶剂似导体屏蔽（COSMO-RS）模型对浓度较高的污染物进行量子力学模拟,研究离子液体（ILs）组成单元对目标污染物溶解度的影响差异,分析溶解过程中主导分子间作用力类型,确定优选吸收剂;测定不同溶剂进行溶解性,验证模型适用性.结果表明：①乙酸乙酯和环戊酮是浓度较高的VOCs组分,在240和250℃时浓度分别为43.1,153mg/m³和105,252mg/m³,质量百分比总和分别为76.3%和67.3%.②高表面屏蔽电荷密度分布峰、长烷基链阴阳离子和亲电基团的存在可提高乙酸乙酯和环戊酮在ILs中的溶解度.双三氟甲磺酰基亚胺盐（NTf₂^-）类ILs是一类优良吸收剂.静电力和范德华力对溶解过程起主导作用.③COSMO-RS模型可定性和半定量用于预测乙酸乙酯和环戊酮的溶解度.     

兰州冬季城市烟雾层辐射效应的观测分析研究

冬季兰州城市上空形成浓厚的烟雾层。利用1990年11月兰州大学和离城市地面625m高南山顶的辐射和探空资料,分析和计算了烟雾层的辐射效应。兰州城市烟雾层具有浑浊度系数大波长指数小的特点。对到达地面的太阳辐射有很强的削弱。浑浊度系数最大时,烟雾层内的平均加热率为6.16℃/d,。大气层对各波段的消光强弱不同,对可见光削减最大。同时烟雾层使到达兰州地面的大气逆辐射比南山顶增加5.2％,总的入射辐射比南山顶小5.6％,地面辐射差额比南山顶小67.8％。烟雾层的存在增加了城市边界层的稳定性。     

Ambient levels of atmospheric carbonyls in Beijing during the 2008 Olympic Games

The measurements of atmospheric carbonyls concentrations in Beijing were conducted from 12 July to 8 October, 2008, covering the periods of the 2008 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games. Six carbonyls, including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, butyraldehyde, valeraldehyde, and hexaldehyde, were identified in all air samples. The total average concentrations of these carbonyls before, during, and after traffic restriction were (48.1 ± 15.2), (36.6 ± 14.5) and (23.4 ± 12.3) μg/m3, respectively. Compared with the period after traffic restriction, the distinct high concentrations of the carbonyls before and during traffic restriction were primarily ascribed to the remarkable contribution of photochemical reactions. With respect to our previous investigation in the summer of 2005, the reductions of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone during traffic restriction period were about 64%, 47% and 27%, respectively, indicating that the air cleaning actions adopted by the Chinese government for the two games were efficient. The lowest levels of atmospheric carbonyls and the extremely high composition proportion of acetone after the traffic restriction were mainly attributed to the long-term effect of the control measures for the two games.     

水资源约束下江苏省城镇开发安全预警

城镇规模的扩张离不开水资源的支撑,水资源承载力是影响城镇开发的重要因素。论文提出一种以水资源约束测算城镇开发度阈值及从"状态-趋势-效应"尺度进行开发度预警的方法,并以江苏省为例进行实证探索,最终划分综合预警分区。结果显示:到2020年,苏州、 无锡、 常州、 南京将成为重度预警区;徐州、 连云港为高度预警区;镇江、 扬州、 泰州、 南通为中度预警区;淮安、 宿迁、 盐城为轻度预警区。利用GM(1,1)模型和相关方程,对城镇开发度、 开发容量、 开发临界时点及开发后温度变化与碳汇损益定性定量化,进行整个开发过程的模拟,客观反映城镇开发安全变化的动态性,以期为政府制定差别化的开发政策和预警措施提供科学依据和理论支撑。