Differential responses of short-term soil respiration dynamics to the experimental addition of nitrogen and water in the temperate semi-arid steppe of Inner Mongolia, China

We examined the effects of simulated rainfall and increasing N supply of different levels on CO2 pulse emission from typical Inner Mongolian steppe soil using the static opaque chamber technique, respectively in a dry June and a rainy August. The treatments included NH4NO3 additions at rates of 0, 5, 10, and 20 g N/（m2.year） with or without water. Immediately after the experimental simulated rainfall events, the CO2 effluxes in the watering plots without N addition （WCK） increased greatly and reached the maximum value at 2 hr. However, the efflux level reverted to the background level within 48 hr. The cumulative CO2 effluxes in the soil ranged from 5.60 to 6.49 g C/m2 over 48 hr after a single water application, thus showing an increase of approximately 148.64% and 48.36% in the efftuxes during both observation periods. By contrast, the addition of different N levels without water addition did not result in a significant change in soil respiration in the short term. Two-way ANOVA showed that the effects of the interaction between water and N addition were insignificant in short-term soil COz efftuxes in the soil. The cumulative soil CO2 fluxes of different treatments over 48 hr accounted for approximately 5.34% to 6.91% and 2.36% to 2.93% of annual C emission in both experimental periods. These results stress the need for improving the sampling frequency after rainfall in future studies to ensure more accurate evaluation of the grassland C emission contribution.     

Achieving nitritation at low temperatures using free ammonia inhibition on Nitrobacter and real-time control in an SBR treating landfill leachate

Free ammonia(FA) inhibition on nitrite-oxidized bacteria(NOB) and real-time control are used to achieve nitrogen removal from landfill leachate via nitrite pathway at low temperatures in sequencing batch reactor. The inhibition of FA on NOB activity during the aerobic period was prolonged using real-time control. The degree of nitrite accumulation was monitored along with variations of the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and NOB population using fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques. It is demonstrated that the end-point of ammonia oxidization is detected from the on-line measured dissolved oxygen,oxidization–reduction potential, and p H signals, which could avoid the loss the FA inhibition on NOB caused by excess aeration. At low temperature(13.0–17.6°C), the level of nitrite pathway rapidly increased from 19.8% to 90%, suggesting that nitritation was successfully started up at low temperature by applying syntrophic association of the FA inhibition and real-time control, and then this high level of nitrite pathway was stably maintained for as long as 233 days. Mechanism analysis shows that the establishment of nitritation was primarily the result of predominant ammonia-oxidizing bacteria developed in the nitrifying bacteria population compared to NOB. This was mainly due to a gradual reduction of nitrite amount that is available to provide energy for the growth of NOB,eventually leading to the elimination of NOB from the bacterial clusters in sequencing batch reactor sludge system.     

高效菌种处理制药废水的研究

青霉素在其生产过程中排放出高浓度有机废液水,该废液COD浓度高,成分复杂,可生化性差,是环境工程领域的研究难题。文章提出一种高效菌种处理青霉素废水的技术,试验表明,用此高效菌种处理制药废水有较好的处理效果。     

氯与光气的危害及防治

1979年9月7日13时55分,浙江某电化厂液氯工段在充装氯时,一液氯钢瓶突然爆炸,大量液氯气化,巨大蘑菇状黄绿色气柱冲天而起,高达40余米。其间夹杂瓦砾、铜瓶碎片在空中横飞。一块重725公斤的钢瓶封头飞至85米外的居民院中,砸死一位老太太。另一块重1公斤的钢瓶碎片飞至830米外的地方。有两个液氯钢瓶各重1750公斤,被气浪冲至数十米外的荷花池内和盐仓内。几只液氯钢瓶被钢片击穿,液氯储槽也被击穿,全部厂房倒塌,当     

三氯乙烯污染的地下水生物修复技术研究进展

目前,三氯乙烯(TCE)的大规模使用,已使其成为地下水中分布最广泛的污染物之一.因其在环境中具有持久性,对生物的高毒性作用,而受到了各国的广泛关注.在众多的TCE处理技术中,以生物修复处理技术最经济有效.文章在分析了TCE的性质及其生物降解机理的基础上,结合国内外的相关研究,对微生物修复技术和植物修复技术进行了详细论述,并对微生物修复技术和植物修复技术进行综合分析,指出两种技术相结合的方法可以更有效地去除被污染的地下水中的TCE.     

北京奥运会帆船比赛前夕浒苔灾害暴发与青岛市应急行动

北京奥运会开幕前夕,青岛突发历史罕见的浒苔灾害,严重威胁到奥帆赛的举办.本文全面回顾了青岛市在应对这场突发事件的全过程,并运用现代应急管理理论,对其整个事件进行客观评述,总结了青岛市在信息公开、决策指挥、应急准备、科技支撑、综合治理、善后处置等方面的成功经验,并从应急准备、应急处置和应急队伍建设等三个方面对存在的不足和问题进行了深入地查找和分析.     

激光遥测大气尘埃质量浓度的理论分析

本文通过Mie散射理论计算,分析了在一定条件下,由激光遥测大气尘埃的消光系数,可进一步获得大气尘埃质量浓度;讨论了大气湿度对激光探测大气尘埃质量浓度的影响。     

有风条件下点源高斯模式的参数敏感性分析

分析有风条件下点源高斯模式的参数敏感性,计算结果表明大气稳定度对污染物最大落地浓度最敏感,但规律性不明显。其余参数的敏感性如下,烟囱几何高度(H)>排放强度(Qs)>距地面10 m高处的10min的平均风速(U10)>烟囱出口烟气温度(Qv)>环境大气温度。因此在环境影响评价收集资料的过程中要注意,烟囱几何高度取值要准确,个位一定要明确;排放强度的确定最好精确到小数点后三位;平均风速的确定尽量精确到小数点后两位;当资料不足时,烟囱出口烟气温度可以根据实际情况估算。     

水污染源废水流量比对监测

介绍了中国水污染源排放口建设的基本要求,阐述了排放口各种堰槽构造和选用时应注意的问题,简要叙述了明渠流量计和管道流量计的测量原理,说明了各种流量计的安装要点、使用、雏护注意事项,以及流量比对监测方法和比对监测技术要求,各种流量计运行维护的质量控制和质量保证,并提出相关建议。     

水处理剂的绿色化及其在印染废水中的应用研究

印染废水存在污染重、处理难等污染特征,对水环境的生态安全造成严重影响和潜在威胁,使其成为污废水治理研究的重点领域.不同水处理剂的处理效果差异大,通过对比传统水处理剂与绿色水处理剂的技术参数,绿色水处理剂体现了处理高效、环境友好、功能多元的技术优势.同时对绿色水处理剂在印染废水处理中的应用状况进行了评价,分析了关于绿色水处理剂的研发、应用过程中的问题与不足,并对未来绿色水处理剂的研究发展方向进行了展望.