试论三江平原生态地质环境保护的对策

生态地质环境的保护的目的旨在人类丰富多彩的经济生活和尽可能完美的生态地质环境的统一,两者是辩证关系.发展经济的前提是保护好生态地质环境;反过来,保护好生态地质环境的结果也能促进经济的发展.健康良好的生态地质环境,给人类以富裕、美好、永远发展的象征;畸形的生态地质环境,给人类以死亡、贫穷、停滞不前的象征.为此提出12条保护地质环境的措施和对策.     

德国汉诺威高铁出轨事故的机理分析

本文阐述了进行突发事故机理研究的意义和重要性,强调了对事故酝酿、发生、发展的全过程进行机理分析的模式,并设计了一个类似射击瞄准过程来追踪突发事故的形成与最终结果的定性分析模型,通过将该原理与模型应用于对德国汉诺威高铁出轨事故的研究,说明了其分析过程与实际意义。     

Pyrolysis and dehalogenation of plastics from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE): A review

Plastics from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) have been an important environmental problem because these plastics commonly contain toxic halogenated flame retardants which may cause serious environmental pollution, especially the formation of carcinogenic substances polybrominated dibenzo dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs), during treat process of these plastics. Pyrolysis has been proposed as a viable processing route for recycling the organic compounds in WEEE plastics into fuels and chemical feedstock. However, dehalogenation procedures are also necessary during treat process, because the oils collected in single pyrolysis process may contain numerous halogenated organic compounds, which would detrimentally impact the reuse of these pyrolysis oils. Currently, dehalogenation has become a significant topic in recycling of WEEE plastics by pyrolysis. In order to fulfill the better resource utilization of the WEEE plastics, the compositions, characteristics and dehalogenation methods during the pyrolysis recycling process of WEEE plastics were reviewed in this paper. Dehalogenation and the decomposition or pyrolysis of WEEE plastics can be carried out simultaneously or successively. It could be ‘dehalogenating prior to pyrolysing plastics’, ‘performing dehalogenation and pyrolysis at the same time’ or ‘pyrolysing plastics first then upgrading pyrolysis oils’. The first strategy essentially is the two-stage pyrolysis with the release of halogen hydrides at low pyrolysis temperature region which is separate from the decomposition of polymer matrixes, thus obtaining halogenated free oil products. The second strategy is the most common method. Zeolite or other type of catalyst can be used in the pyrolysis process for removing organohalogens. The third strategy separate pyrolysis and dehalogenation of WEEE plastics, which can, to some degree, avoid the problem of oil value decline due to the use of catalyst, but obviously, this strategy may increase the cost of whole recycling process.     

The effects of the mechanical–chemical stabilization process for municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash on the chemical reactions in cement paste

A water extraction process can remove the soluble salts present in municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ash, which will help to increase the stability of the synthetic materials produced from the MSWI fly ash. A milling process can be used to stabilize the heavy metals found in the extracted MSWI fly ash (EA) leading to the formation of a non-hazardous material. This milled extracted MSWI fly ash (MEA) was added to an ordinary Portland cement (OPC) paste to induce pozzolanic reactions. The experimental parameters included the milling time (96 h), water to binder ratios (0.38, 0.45, and 0.55), and curing time (1, 3, 7 and 28 days). The analysis procedures included inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP/AES), BET, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging. The results of the analyses indicate that the milling process helped to stabilize the heavy metals in the MEA, with an increase in the specific surface area of about 50 times over that of OPC. The addition of the MEA to the OPC paste decreased the amount of Ca(OH)₂ and led to the generation of calcium–silicate–hydrates (C–S–H) which in turned increased the amount of gel pores and middle sized pores in the cement. Furthermore, a comparison shows an increase in the early and later strength over that of OPC paste without the addition of the milled extracted ash. In other words, the milling process could stabilize the heavy metals in the MEA and had an activating effect on the MEA, allowing it to partly substitute OPC in OPC paste.     

防冲刷基材生态护坡技术在边坡工程中的应用

为解决工程裸露边坡对环境的影响,在生态防护工程中引入防冲刷基材(PEB)生态护坡技术,并介绍其主要功能特点和详细实施过程,结合河南燕山水库植被护坡工程实施后植物生长、浅层防护和水土保持的监测结果,对该技术进行了全面评析。结果表明,该技术在经济、植被生长适应性、抗冲刷性方面均表现出独特的效果和优势,能较快地恢复边坡原有生态效果。该技术在类似边坡的处理上可以广泛应用。     

Effects of natural organic matter on cadmium mobility in paddy soil: A review

Cadmium (Cd) contamination in paddy soil has caused public concern. The uptake of Cd by rice plants depends on soil Cd mobility, which is in turn substantially influenced by organic matter (OM). In this review, we first summarize the fate of Cd in soil and the role of OM. We then focus on the effects of OM on Cd mobility in paddy soil and the factors influencing the remedial effectiveness of OM amendments. We further discuss the performance of straw incorporation in the remediation of Cd-contaminated paddy soils reported in laboratory and field studies. Considering the huge production of organic materials (such as straw) in agriculture, the use of natural OM for soil remediation has obvious appeal due to the environmental benefits and low cost. Although there have been successful application cases, the properties of OM amendments and soil can significantly affect the remedial performance of the OM amendments. Importantly, straw incorporation alone does not often decrease the mobility of Cd in soil or the Cd content in rice grains. Careful evaluation is required when considering natural OM amendments, and the factors and mechanisms that influence their remedial effectiveness need further investigation in paddy soil with realistic Cd concentrations.     

植物细胞色素P450酶系的研究进展及其与外来物质的关系

植物细胞色素P45 0是分子量为 40— 60KD、结构类似的一类血红素 硫铁蛋白。它以可溶性和膜结合两种形态存在于植物细胞内 ,可催化多种化学反应 ,在防御植物免受有害物质侵害方面具有重要作用。目前已克隆 90多个植物细胞色素P45 0基因。本文概述了植物P45 0基因表达调控与环境、发育、组织特异性关系的研究进展。认为植物P45 0同工酶在环境毒物生物修复和在抗外源毒素的转基因植物方面具有很高的应用前景     

巴县乡镇工业环境污染造成的经济损失与初步分析

巴县１９９３年乡镇工业污染损失大约为２．２９亿元，约占当年全县ＧＮＰ的７．８％。其中农业损失约占４５％，人体健康损失约占２８％。受酸雨作用的钢材和建筑物的损失为０．２６亿元，相当于全县当年新增的生产性固定资产的大部分。文章还论述了巴县乡镇工业污染损失贡献权重系数的参数取值过程。