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31.
Sang Tae Chung Yi Yoon Hye Jeong Park 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2013,26(6):1679-1684
Improvised explosive devices (IEDs) have become an alternative method for terrorists or criminals who face difficulties in obtaining traditional explosives as threatening tools. The ease of obtaining precursor materials from commodity chemicals in the free market and the ease of generating bombs through the hands of novices have created problems. Controlling the potential precursors to defeat illegal acquisition is not trivial due to their widespread use as common merchandise among chemical industries and consumers. However, efforts to identify the potential precursors may be the first step for devising appropriate control measures. In this study, we proposed a systematic screening method for identifying potential IED precursors (IEDPs) from commodity chemicals, which are regulated by Korean controls. We identified 25 potential IEDPs from 3980 candidate chemicals that can be diverted into IEDs or homemade bombs but are not likely to be solely used as an IED. We also developed a methodology of prioritizing the potential precursor chemicals to assess the urgency of controls using a scoring system with four criteria: previous listing as an official precursor; past record of being encountered in criminal use; volume of commercial circulation, which denotes the probability of exposure to individuals; and the degree of regulatory counter-measures against illegal acquisitions that are currently effective in Korea. 相似文献
32.
Chang BU Koh SM Kim YJ Seo JS Yoon YY Row JW Lee DM 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2008,99(3):455-460
A Nationwide survey on the natural radioactivity in industrial raw mineral commodities (17 kinds of domestic and 18 kinds of imported) that are representative minerals used in production and consumption in South Korea was conducted. The target industrial minerals can be categorized into two groups. The first group covers non-metallic and metallic raw minerals with low levels of radioactivity such as clay, silica sand, carbonates, bituminous and anthracite coal, iron ores, ilmenite, rutile, and phosphate ore. The other group comprises minerals with high levels of radioactivity including zircon and monazite. One hundred and sixty-four domestic and imported samples were analysed by gamma-ray spectroscopy using an HPGe detector. The (40)K content ranges from <0.00131 to 2.69Bq g(-1), and (226)Ra and (232)Th range over <0.0006 to 0.630 and <0.0008 to 0.474Bq g(-1), respectively. There was no anthropogenic radioactive signal in any of the samples. 相似文献
33.
Sun Hwa Hong Sun Ah Choi Myung-Hyun Lee Bo Ra Min Cheolho Yoon Hyeon Yoon Kyung-Suk Cho 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2011,33(1):41-47
The effects of arsenic (As) species, such as As(III), As(V) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), on the accumulation of As in cucumber (Cucumis sativus), as well as on its growth in a soil mesocosm were evaluated. When Cucumis sativus was cultivated in soils contaminated with 20 and 50 mg/kg of As(III), As(V) or DMA for 40 days, the growth was markedly inhibited by the inorganic As (As(III) and As(V)) rather than the organic As (DMA). Irrespective of the As species, the As concentrations accumulated in Cucumis sativus increased with increasing As concentration in the soil. The As bioaccumulation factors from soil into the tissue of Cucumis sativus were 17.5–35.4, 29.3–42.7 and 17.6–25.7 for As(III), As(V) and DMA, respectively. In addition, the As translocation factors from the roots to shoots were 0.025–0.031, 0.018–0.032 and 0.014–0.026 for As(III), As(V) and DMA, respectively. In conclusion, Cucumis sativus mainly accumulated As in its roots rather than its shoots and easily accumulated inorganic rather than organic As from the soil into its tissue. 相似文献
34.
Hong SH Choi SA Lee MH Min BR Yoon C Yoon H Cho KS 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2011,33(Z1):41-47
The effects of arsenic (As) species, such as As(III), As(V) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), on the accumulation of As in cucumber (Cucumis sativus), as well as on its growth in a soil mesocosm were evaluated. When Cucumis sativus was cultivated in soils contaminated with 20 and 50 mg/kg of As(III), As(V) or DMA for 40 days, the growth was markedly inhibited by the inorganic As (As(III) and As(V)) rather than the organic As (DMA). Irrespective of the As species, the As concentrations accumulated in Cucumis sativus increased with increasing As concentration in the soil. The As bioaccumulation factors from soil into the tissue of Cucumis sativus were 17.5-35.4, 29.3-42.7 and 17.6-25.7 for As(III), As(V) and DMA, respectively. In addition, the As translocation factors from the roots to shoots were 0.025-0.031, 0.018-0.032 and 0.014-0.026 for As(III), As(V) and DMA, respectively. In conclusion, Cucumis sativus mainly accumulated As in its roots rather than its shoots and easily accumulated inorganic rather than organic As from the soil into its tissue. 相似文献
35.
Reports on residue levels and accumulation profiles of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in human adipose tissue are scarce in Korea. In this study, concentrations and accumulation features of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs were determined in the samples of adipose tissue collected from Korean women in 2007-2008. The total dioxin-like toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentrations (3.4-42 pg g(-1) lipid wt) in Korean adipose tissues were similar to those reported in European and other Asian countries. The relative contributions of individual compounds to total TEQs were as follows: non-ortho PCBs (mean: 45%) > PCDFs (28%) > PCDDs (24%) > mono-ortho PCBs (3%), a pattern similar to those reported for seafoods in Korea. The dominant PCDD/F congeners found in adipose tissues were OCDD and 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF and dominant PCBs were 118, 156 and 105. No correlation was found between subject's age and concentrations of dioxin-like contaminants. Body mass index was not correlated with concentrations of PCDD/Fs and was negatively (p < 0.001) correlated with concentrations of DL-PCBs. The results of this study provide baseline information on PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in adipose tissues of the general population in Korea. 相似文献
36.
Arsenite [As(III)]-oxidizing bacteria play important roles in reducing arsenic [As] toxicity and mobility in As-contaminated
areas. As-resistant bacteria were isolated from the soils of two abandoned mines in the Republic of Korea. The isolated bacteria
showed relatively high resistances to As(III) up to 26 mM. The PCR-based 16S rRNA analysis revealed that the isolated As-resistant
bacteria were close relatives to Serratia marcescensa, Pseudomonas putida, Pantoea agglomerans, and Alcaligenes sp. Among the five As-resistant bacterial isolates, Alcaligenes sp. strain RS-19 showed the highest As(III)-oxidizing activity in batch tests, completely oxidizing 1 mM of As(III) to As(V)
within 40 h during heterotrophic growth. This study suggests that the indigenous bacteria have evolved to retain the ability
to resist toxic As in the As-contaminated environments and moreover to convert the species to a less toxic form [e.g., from
As(III) to As(V)] and also contribute the biogeochemical cycling of As by being involved in speciation of As. 相似文献
37.
This article describes the integrated modeling approach for planning the size and the operation of constructed wetlands for
maximizing retention of nonpoint source pollutant loads and reservoir water-quality improvement at a catchment scale. The
experimental field-scale wetland systems (four sets, 0.88 ha each) have been in operation since 2002, where water depth was maintained
at 30–50 cm and hydraulic loading rate was at 6.3–18.8 cm/day. The wetland system was found to be adequate for treating polluted
stream water with stable removal e ciency even during the winter. The integrated modeling system (modified-BASINS) was applied to
the Seokmoon estuarine reservoir watershed and calibrated with monitoring data from constructed wetland, stream, and reservoir. The
calibrated integrated modeling system estimated that constructing wetlands on 0.5% (about 114 ha) of the watershed area at the mouth
of reservoir could reduce 11.61% and 13.49% of total external nitrogen and phosphorus loads, respectively. It also might improve the
nitrogen and phosphorus concentration of the reservoir by 9.69% and 16.48%, respectively. The study suggested that about 0.1%–1.0%
of the watershed area should be allocated for constructed wetland to meet specified water-quality standards for the estuarine reservoir
at the polder area where land use planning is relatively less complicated. 相似文献
38.
The thermal enhancement of the formation of *OH by the hv/Fe(III)/H2O2 system (including the Fe(III)/H2O2 system) was quantitatively investigated with reaction temperatures ranging from 25 to 50 degrees C. A temperature dependent kinetic model for the hv/Fe(III)/H2O2 system, incorporating 12 major reactions with no fitted rate constants or activation energies, was developed, and successfully explained the experimental measurements. Particularly, the thermal enhancement of Fe(OH)2+ photolysis which is the most significant step in the hv/Fe(III)/H2O2 system was effectively explained by two factors; (1) the variation of the Fe(OH)2+ concentration with temperature, and (2) the temperature dependence of the quantum yield for Fe(OH)2+ photolysis (measured activation energy=11.4 kJ mol(-1)). Although in both the hv/Fe(III)/H2O2 and Fe(III)/H2O2 systems, elevated temperatures enhanced the formation of *OH, the thermal enhancement was much higher in the dark Fe(III)/H2O2 system than the hv/Fe(III)/H2O2 system. Furthermore, it was found that the relative thermal enhancement of the formation of *OH in the presence of *OH scavengers (tert-butyl alcohol) was magnified in the Fe(III)/H2O2 system but was not in the hv/Fe(III)/H2O2 system. 相似文献
39.
Changes in speciation and mobility of As by indigenous bacteria in As-contaminated sediments (339 mg/kg) from an abandoned
Au–Ag mine area in Korea were investigated after biostimulation with a variety of carbon sources, including acetate, lactate
and glucose in batch experiments. Sequential extraction analysis designed to determine the form of As occurrence revealed
that 40 and 47% of As were present in the sediment as Fe-associated and residual fractions, respectively. After 22-day incubation
with acetate and lactate, the presence of indigenous bacteria increased the amount of total dissolved As from both Fe-associated
and residual fractions in the sediment. More than 99% of dissolved As existed as As(V) in biotic slurries in contrast to sterile
controls (less than 50% of total dissolved As), which indicated that indigenous bacteria transformed some dissolved As(III)
to As(V). In real environments, depending on the pH, microbially-produced aqueous As(V) may be either immobilized through
adsorption or reduced to As(III) after migration to the anoxic subsurface. 相似文献
40.
Sung Ho Hwang Chung Sik Yoon Kyong Nam Ryu Samuel Y. Paik Jun Ho Cho 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(13):1658-1662
This study assessed bacterial concentrations in indoor air at 25 underground railway stations in Seoul, Korea, and investigated various related factors including the presence of platform screen doors (PSD), depth of the station, year of construction, temperature, relative humidity, and number of passengers. A total of 72 aerosol samples were collected from all the stations. Concentrations of total airborne bacteria (TAB) ranged from not detected (ND) to 4997 CFU m?3, with an overall geometric mean (GM) of 191 CFU m?3. Airborne bacteria were detected at 23 stations (92%) and Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) were detected at two stations (8%). TAB concentrations of four stations (16%) exceeded 800 CFU m?3, the Korea indoor bio-aerosol guideline. The results of the study showed that TAB concentrations at the stations without PSD showed higher TAB concentrations than those with PSD, though not at statistically significant levels. TAB concentrations of deeper stations revealed significantly higher levels than those of shallower stations. Based on this study, it is recommended that mitigation measures be applied to improve the indoor air quality (IAQ) of underground railway stations in Seoul, with focused attention on deeper stations. 相似文献