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261.
In 1999 China adopted the "Conversion of Cropland to Forest and Grassland Program" (CCFGP), a nationwide ecological recovery program, to minimize wide-scale soil erosion and vegetation degradation in China, as well as to improve water budgeting results. In the 10 yr since implementation, the CCFGP has resulted in the recovery and reforestation of >100,000 km of cropland and bare land, though the quantitative effect of this program on catchment water budget is not entirely clear. Therefore, we used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool to evaluate and quantify the effects of the CCFGP on the water budget of the Jinghe River catchment, a tributary of the Yellow River covering the central region of the Loess Plateau. Our results indicated that precipitation had dropped by 12.0% from the 1970s (611.6 mm) to the 2000s (538 mm) and that there was a corresponding 25.2% decrease in humidity index from 0.48 to 0.36. Before the CCFGP's implementation, forest and grassland had been decreasing, while bare land, cropland, and shrub land had been increasing. After the implementation of the CCFGP, the opposite trend was observed. Moreover, streamflow increased by about 15 and 20% for the upstream and middle stream subbasins, respectively, while soil water content also showed an obvious increase. Over the same period, evapotranspiration decreased by 5.2 and 13.5 mm and runoff decreased by 37.5 and 38.6% in the two subbasins. The same trends were obtained in the downstream subbasin, where changes were even greater. As a result of the reduced runoff and evapotranspiration, utilization of water resources was more efficient and ecological environment was improved under the CCFGP policy. Our results indicate the CCFGP resulted in a favorable ecological impact and should therefore be maintained. 相似文献
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As circumstances of operating and maintenance activities for landfilling and composting in Tehran metropolis differ from those of cities in developed countries, it was concluded to have an environmental impact comparison between the current solid waste management (MSW) strategies: (1) landfill, and (2) composting plus landfill. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to compare these scenarios for MSW in Tehran, Iran. The Eco-Indicator 99 is applied as an impact assessment method considering surplus energy, climate change, acidification, respiratory effect, carcinogenesis, ecotoxicity and ozone layer depletion points of aspects. One ton of municipal solid waste of Tehran was selected as the functional unit. According to the comparisons, the composting plus landfill scenario causes less damage to human health in comparison to landfill scenario. However, its damages to both mineral and fossil resources as well as ecosystem quality are higher than the landfill scenario. Thus, the composting plus landfill scenario had a higher environmental impact than landfill scenario. However, an integrated waste management will ultimately be the most efficient approach in terms of both environmental and economic benefits. In this paper, a cost evaluation shows that the unit cost per ton of waste for the scenarios is 15.28 and 26.40 US$, respectively. Results show landfill scenario as the preferable option both in environmental and economic aspects for Tehran in the current situation. 相似文献
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应用南京逐日观测资料分析了南京低温、冰冻和积雪灾害的变化特征及其与区域气候变暖的联系,得到如下结论:①低温、冰冻、积雪事件都存在一定的年代际和年际的周期变化;冬季平均最低气温和极端最低气温具有相似的周期性特征;积雪深度的年代际尺度的周期特征明显,但是较小尺度的年际周期不明显;②近50年来南京的低温、冰冻、积雪事件呈现波动下降的趋势;③南京年均气温和低温、冰冻、积雪事件之间存在较强的相关性与区域气候变暖关系密切。 相似文献
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粤港澳大湾区典型化工场地苯系物污染特征及迁移规律 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
以粤港澳大湾区某典型化工污染场地为例,共采集了247个土壤样品和20个地下水样品,探讨了场地苯系物的污染分布特征,利用GMS分别从水平和垂直方向模拟分析了该场地苯系物在土壤与地下水的污染迁移扩散规律.结果表明,场地土壤样品中苯、乙苯、间,对-二甲苯、邻-二甲苯超筛选值,其中苯系物超筛选值的土壤样品主要集中在0. 5~4 m深度范围;地下水样品中苯、乙苯、间,对-二甲苯和邻-二甲苯超标较严重,最大超标倍数分别为140. 00、101. 33、212. 00和103. 40倍,主要分布在浅层地下水.地下水中的苯污染物在水平方向主要以对流/弥散运移方式从西北往东南方向迁移,而在垂向上浮苯主要集中在地下水面处,溶解态苯主要在水动力作用下迁移.模拟验证分析结果表明,MT3D模型能较准确地反映场地苯系物的空间分布和迁移特征,可为粤港澳大湾区化工类污染场地的精准化管控与修复提供科学指导. 相似文献
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Yinghui Jiang Guoyu Yin Lijun Hou Min Liu Yanling Zheng Ping Han Dongsheng Zheng Cheng Chen Maotian Li 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2021,33(6):376-386
Marine aquaculture in semi-enclosed bays can significantly influence nutrient cycling in coastal ecosystems. However, the impact of marine aquaculture on the dynamics of dissimilatory nitrate reduction processes (DNRPs) and the fate of reactive nitrogen remain poorly understood. In this study, the rates of DNRPs and the abundances of related functional genes were investigated in aquaculture and non-aquaculture areas. The results showed that marine aquaculture significantly increased the denitrification (DNF) and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) rates and decreased the rate of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANA), as compared with non-aquaculture sites. DNF was the dominant pathway contributing to the total nitrate reduction, and its contribution to the total nitrate reduction significantly increased from 66.72% at non-aquaculture sites to 78.50% at aquaculture sites. Marine aquaculture can significantly affect the physicochemical characteristics of sediment and the abundances of related functional genes, leading to variations in the nitrate reduction rates. Although nitrate removal rates increased in the marine aquaculture area, ammonification rates and the nitrogen retention index in the aquaculture areas were 2.19 and 1.24 times, respectively, higher than those at non-aquaculture sites. Net reactive nitrogen retention exceeded nitrogen removal in the aquaculture area, and the retained reactive nitrogen could diffuse with the tidal current to the entire bay, thereby aggravating N pollution in the entire study area. These results show that marine aquaculture is the dominant source of nitrogen pollution in semi-enclosed bays. This study can provide insights into nitrogen pollution control in semi-enclosed bays with well-developed marine aquaculture. 相似文献