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271.
Alexander D. M. Wilson Emily M. Whattam Rachel Bennett Laksanavadee Visanuvimol Chris Lauzon Susan M. Bertram 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(5):703-715
Recently, there has been increasing interest in behavioral syndrome research across a range of taxa. Behavioral syndromes
are suites of correlated behaviors that are expressed either within a given behavioral context (e.g., mating) or between different
contexts (e.g., foraging and mating). Syndrome research holds profound implications for animal behavior as it promotes a holistic
view in which seemingly autonomous behaviors may not evolve independently, but as a “suite” or “package.” We tested whether
laboratory-reared male and female European house crickets, Acheta domesticus, exhibited behavioral syndromes by quantifying individual differences in activity, exploration, mate attraction, aggressiveness,
and antipredator behavior. To our knowledge, our study is the first to consider such a breadth of behavioral traits in one
organism using the syndrome framework. We found positive correlations across mating, exploratory, and antipredatory contexts,
but not aggression and general activity. These behavioral differences were not correlated with body size or condition, although
age explained some of the variation in motivation to mate. We suggest that these across-context correlations represent a boldness
syndrome as individual risk-taking and exploration was central to across-context mating and antipredation correlations in
both sexes. 相似文献
272.
Sylvia M. Tunstall Susan M. Tapsell Sally Eden 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》1999,42(4):527-545
This paper considers the stability of public responses to an urban river restoration scheme on the River Skerne, Darlington, UK, by comparing the results from surveys of local residents carried out before and after scheme implementation. This case study provides evidence of strong and generally consistent positive responses to the proposals and implemented scheme to return the straightened and channelized river to a more natural condition although support was more qualified after than before implementation. Although the scheme design and construction costs were high, nearly two-thirds regarded the scheme as value for money. Exploratory contingent valuation results on whether or not local residents were prepared to pay for the scheme were broadly stable over the two surveys. 相似文献
273.
Yufang Gao Yuntian Liu Yu Luo Duan Biggs Weiyang Zhao Susan G. Clark 《Conservation biology》2023,37(5):e14072
Mass media worldwide has contributed to increasing awareness of the illegal wildlife trade and its significant impact on wildlife conservation. We used mass media coverage as a proxy for macro-level public opinion to analyze the media framing of elephant ivory in 6394 Chinese newspaper articles published from 2000 to 2021 and thus determine the effects of wildlife policies on public opinion. We focused on 2 events: the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) approval of China as a trading partner in the purchase and import of ivory stockpiles from Africa in July 2008 and the Chinese government's announcement of a domestic ivory ban in December 2016. Using latent Dirichlet allocation topic modeling, we identified 8 topics about elephant ivory and grouped them into 3 frames: ivory arts and culture, ivory crimes, and elephant conservation. Over the last 2 decades, topics related to ivory crimes remained the most prevalent in news articles. Topics about ivory arts and culture showed a significant shift in media salience before and after the 2 events (from 0.44 to 0.19 and from 0.08 to 0.15, respectively, p < 0.05), whereas the other 2 frames did not change significantly. Contrary to popular belief, our results indicated that Chinese macro-level public opinion on ivory had become more negative following the CITES approval of ivory importation and less negative after the ivory ban announcement, at least for certain periods. The relationship between mass media, public opinion, and wildlife trade policies is complex and requires further examination of the sociopolitical dynamics that influence media narratives. Our results showed the value of topic modeling in monitoring and assessing media representations of wildlife issues in the era of big data. Conservationists should remain vigilant of mass media coverage and collaborate with media practitioners to produce comprehensive narratives on wildlife issues if resources permit. 相似文献
274.
Animal husbandry and labour migration are important livelihood strategies for a large proportion of the rural population in developing countries. Up to now, the two strategies have usually been studied by looking at either one or the other; their interlinkages have rarely been examined. Based on a case study in rural Kyrgyzstan, the aim of this paper is to explore the links between animal husbandry and labour migration. Results show that for most rural households, livestock is crucial yet not sufficient to make a living. Therefore, many people diversify their income sources by migrating to work elsewhere. This generates cash for daily expenses and the acquisition of new livestock, but also leads to an absence of workforce in households. Yet since remittances usually exceed the expenses for hiring additional workforce, most people consider migration profitable. From a socio‐economic point of view, migration and animal husbandry can thus be considered important complementary livelihood strategies for the rural Kyrgyz population, at least for the time being. In the long term, however, the failure of young migrants to return to rural places and their settlement in urban areas might also cause remittance dependency and lead to an increasing lack of qualified labour. From an environmental point of view, the investment of remittances into animal husbandry poses challenges to sustainable pasture management. Increasing livestock numbers in rural areas raise pressure on pasture resources. Since most people consider animal husbandry their main future prospect while continuing to use pastures in a fairly unsustainable way, this may further exacerbate the over‐utilization of pastures in future. 相似文献
275.
Matrix effects may increasingly lead to erroneous environmental decisions as regulatory limits or risk‐based concentrations of concern for trace metals move lower toward the limits of analytical detection. A U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Technical Standards Alert estimated that environmental data reported using inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP‐AES) has a false‐positive rate for thallium of 99.9 percent and for arsenic of 25 to 50 percent. Although this does not seem to be widely known in the environmental community, using three case studies, this article presents data in environmental samples that demonstrate severe matrix effects on the accuracy of arsenic and thallium results. Case Study 1 involves soil results with concentrations that approached or exceeded the applicable regulatory soil cleanup objectives of 13 mg/kg for arsenic and 2 mg/kg for thallium. Reanalysis using ICP coupled with a mass spectrometer (ICP‐MS) confirmed all thallium results were false positives and all arsenic results were biased high, concluding no action was required for soil remediation. Case Study 2 involves groundwater results for thallium at a Superfund site, where thallium was detected in groundwater up to 21.6 μ g/L using ICP‐AES. Reanalysis by ICP‐MS reported thallium as nondetect below the applicable regulatory level in all samples. ICP‐MS is usually a more definitive and accurate method of analysis compared to ICP‐AES; however, this is not always the case, as we demonstrate in Case Study 3, using data from groundwater samples at an industrial site. Through a weight‐of‐evidence approach, it is demonstrated that although method quality control results were acceptable, interferences in some groundwater samples caused biased high results for arsenic using ICP‐MS, which were significantly lower when reanalyzed using hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Causes of these interference effects and conclusions from the three case studies to obtain accurate metal data for site assessment, risk characterization, and remedy selection are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
276.
A Case History of the Science and Management Collaboration in Understanding Hypoxia Events in Long Bay, South Carolina, USA 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Denise Sanger Debra Hernandez Susan Libes George Voulgaris Braxton Davis Erik Smith Rebecca Shuford Dwayne Porter Eric Koepfler Joseph Bennett 《Environmental management》2010,46(3):340-350
Communication of knowledge between the scientific and management communities is a difficult process complicated by the distinctive
nature of professional career goals of scientists and decision-makers. This article provides a case history highlighting a
collaboration between the science and management communities that resulted from a response to a 2004 hypoxia, or low dissolved
oxygen, event in Long Bay, off Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. A working group of scientists and decision-makers was established
at the time of the event and has continued to interact to develop a firm understanding of the drivers responsible for hypoxia
formation in Long Bay. Several factors were found to be important to ensure that these collaborative efforts were productive:
(1) genuine interest in collaboratively working across disciplines to examine a problem; (2) commitment by agency leadership,
decision-makers, and researchers to create successful communication mechanisms; (3) respect for each others’ perspectives
and an understanding how science and management are performed and that they are not mutually exclusive; (4) networking among
researchers and decision-makers to ensure appropriate team members are involved in the process; (5) use of decision-maker
input in the formulation of research and monitoring projects; and (6) commitment of resources for facilitation to ensure that
researchers and decision-makers are communicating effectively. 相似文献
277.
Csiszar SA Gandhi N Alexy R Benny DT Struger J Marvin C Diamond ML 《Environment international》2011,37(5):821-828
A model formulation based on "aquivalence", as defined in terms of activity is presented to estimate the multimedia fate of ionizing chemicals. The aquivalence approach is analogous to fugacity but aquivalence is applicable to neutral and ionizing compounds, and has been applied previously to speciating chemicals, notably metals. The new aquivalence-based mass-balance model treats ionizing organic compounds that exist as interconverting neutral and ionic species which are subject to fate processes at differing rates. The model is illustrated by application to four ionizing pharmaceuticals in Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario. At the system pH of 7.9-8.5, ibuprofen, gemfibrozil, and naproxen are expected to be almost entirely ionic and triclosan split between ionic and neutral forms. Measured seasonal surface water concentrations, which were 2-10 times lower in the late summer and fall than during spring, were used to solve for unknown values of chemical half-life in the water column due to degradation (photo- and bio-) of the ionizing and neutral forms and secondarily, ionic sorption coefficients of the ionizing forms. Model estimates of half-lives in the habour's water ranged from 11 to 77, 11 to 147 and 10 to 37 for ionic ibuprofen, gemfibrozil, and naproxen, respectively; and 4-22 days and 2-9 days for ionic and neutral triclosan, respectively, with the shortest half-lives in spring and the longest in summer. 相似文献
278.
Romero-Franco M Hernández-Ramírez RU Calafat AM Cebrián ME Needham LL Teitelbaum S Wolff MS López-Carrillo L 《Environment international》2011,37(5):867-871
Sources of phthalates other than Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) related products are scarcely documented in Mexico. The objective of our study was to explore the association between urinary levels of nine phthalate metabolites and the use of personal care products. Subjects included 108 women who participated as controls in an ongoing population-based case-control study of environmental factors and genetic susceptibility to breast cancer in northern Mexico. Direct interviews were performed to inquire about sociodemographic characteristics, reproductive history, use of personal care products, and diet. Phthalate metabolites measured in urine by high performance liquid chromatography-isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry were monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate (MCPP) as well as mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate (MEOHP), mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate (MEHHP), mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate (MECPP) that are metabolites of di-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). Detectable urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites varied from 75% (MEHP) to 100% (MEP, MBP, MEOHP, MEHHP and MECPP). Medians of urinary concentrations of some phthalate metabolites were significantly higher among users of the following personal care products compared to nonusers: body lotion (MEHHP, MECPP and sum of DEHP metabolites (ΣDEHP)), deodorant (MEHP and ΣDEHP), perfume (MiBP), anti-aging facial cream (MEP, MBP and MCPP) and bottled water (MCPP, MEHHP and MEOHP). Urinary concentrations of MEP showed a positive relationship with the number of personal care products used. Our results suggest that the use of some personal care products contributes to phthalate body burden that deserves attention due to its potential health impact. 相似文献
279.
Terry A. Kenney Susan G. Buto 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2012,48(5):1041-1053
Kenney, Terry A. and Susan G. Buto, 2012. Evaluation of the Temporal Transferability of a Model Describing Dissolved Solids in Streams of the Upper Colorado River Basin. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(5): 1041‐1053. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00667.x Abstract: The application of a nonlinear least‐squares regression model describing the sources and transport of dissolved solids in streams of the Upper Colorado River Basin, and that was calibrated using data from water year 1991, was evaluated for use in predicting annual dissolved‐solids loads for the years 1974 through 1998. Simulations for each water year were run using annual climate data. To evaluate how well the model captures the observed annual variability across the basin, differences in predicted annual dissolved‐solids loads for each simulated year and 1991 were compared with differences in monitored annual loads. The temporal trend of the differences between predicted annual loads for the simulated years and the load for 1991 generally followed the trend of the monitored loads. The model appears to underpredict the largest annual loads and overpredict some of the smaller annual loads. An underprediction bias for wetter years was evident in the residuals as was an overprediction bias, to a lesser degree, for drier years. A regression analysis on the residuals suggests that the underprediction bias is associated with precipitation differences from 1991 and with previously defined downward trends in dissolved‐solids concentrations in the basin. In general, given the representative climatic conditions, the model adequately performs throughout the period examined. However, the model is most transferable to years with climatic conditions similar to 1991. 相似文献
280.
Ningbo Li Ying Wang Michael Tilley Scott R. Bean Xiaorong Wu Xiuzhi Susan Sun Donghai Wang 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2011,19(3):755-765
Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is the main co-product from grain-based ethanol production. The objective of
this research was to compare the adhesive performance of three types of sorghum proteins: acetic acid-extracted sorghum protein
from DDGS (PI), aqueous ethanol-extracted sorghum protein from DDGS (PII) and acetic acid-extracted sorghum protein from sorghum
flour (PF). Physicochemical properties including amino acid composition, and rheological, thermal and morphological properties
also were characterized. Results showed that PI had the best adhesion performance in terms of dry, wet and soak adhesion strength,
followed by PF and PII. The wet strength of PI at a concentration of 12% protein assembled at 150 °C was 3.15 MPa, compared
to 2.17 MPa and 2.59 MPa for PII and PF, respectively. DSC thermograms indicated that the PF protein isolates contained higher
levels of carbohydrates than PI and PII; such non-protein contaminants in the PF isolate could be the reason for its lower
adhesion strength than PI. In addition, PI might have more hydrophobic amino acids aligned at the protein-wood interface than
PII, which could explain the better water resistance of PI. The optimum sorghum protein concentration and pressing temperature
for maximum adhesion strength was 12% and 150 °C. PI had a significantly higher wet strength (3.15 MPa) than unmodified soy
protein (1.63 MPa for soy protein). The high percentage of hydrophobic amino acids in PI (57%) was likely a key factor in
the increased water resistance of PI compared with soy protein (36% hydrophobic amino acids). These results indicated that
sorghum protein has huge potential as an alternative to petroleum-based adhesives. 相似文献