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551.
Bruland GL Osborne TZ Reddy KR Grunwald S Newman S DeBusk WF 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,129(1-3):379-395
We assessed recent changes in the distribution of soil total phosphorus (TP) in Water Conservation Area 3 (WCA-3) of the Everglades.
Soil cores were collected in 1992 and 2003 at 176 sites. To reflect hydrologic boundaries within the system, WCA-3 was divided
into three zones (3AN, 3AS, and 3B). Total P was mapped on both a mass (TPm) and a volumetric basis (TPv) to determine if
spatial distributions varied depending on the choice of units. Interpolated maps for both years showed that the highest levels
of TPm were located in 3AN and in boundary areas of all zones that received surface water inputs of P from canals. Increases
in TPm were greatest in central 3AN in an area adjacent to the Miami Canal that received inputs from a water control structure.
Interpolated maps for TPv illustrated that a hotspot present in 1992 had disappeared by 2003. The highest levels of TPv in
2003 were located in northwestern 3AN, a region of WCA-3 that has been chronically overdrained and burned in 1999. From 1992
to 2003, increases in TPm were observed for 53% of the area of WCA-3, while only 16% of WCA-3 exhibited increases in TPv.
In 1992, approximately 21% of WCA-3 had TPm concentrations in the 0–10 cm layer >500 mg kg−1, indicating P enrichment beyond historic levels. Eleven years later, 30% of the area of WCA-3 had TPm >500 mg kg−1. This indicated that during this period, the area of WCA-3 with enriched TPm concentrations increased about one % year−1. 相似文献
552.
Timekeeping in the honey bee colony: integration of circadian rhythms and division of labor 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Darrell Moore Jennifer E. Angel Iain M. Cheeseman Susan E. Fahrbach Gene E. Robinson 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,43(3):147-160
The daily patterns of task performance in honey bee colonies during behavioral development were studied to determine the
role of circadian rhythmicity in age-related division of labor. Although it is well known that foragers exhibit robust circadian
patterns of activity in both field and laboratory settings, we report that many in-hive tasks are not allocated according
to a daily rhythm but rather are performed 24 h per day. Around-the-clock activity at the colony level is accomplished through
the performance of some tasks by individual workers randomly with respect to time of day. Bees are initially arrhythmic with
respect to task performance but develop diel rhythmicity, by increasing the occurrence of inactivity at night, prior to becoming
foragers. There are genotypic differences for age at onset of rhythmicity and our results suggest that these differences are
correlated with genotypic variation in rate of behavioral development: genotypes of bees that progressed through the age polyethism
schedule faster also acquired behavioral rhythmicity at an earlier age. The ontogeny of circadian rhythmicity in honey bee
workers ensures that essential in-hive behaviors are performed around the clock but also allows the circadian clock to be
engaged before the onset of foraging.
Received: 6 October 1997 / Accepted after revision: 28 March 1998 相似文献
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556.
Sean Mullarkey Paul R. Jackson Toby D. Wall John R. Wilson Susan M. Grey-Taylor 《组织行为杂志》1997,18(5):471-489
Recent research suggests that the occurrence of operational problems in advanced manufacturing technology (AMT) places stressful demands on operators. Applying Karasek's demand–control model, we predict that two properties of operational problems, namely technological uncertainty and abstractness, interact with timing and method control to predict operator strain. The results failed to confirm ordinal effects for timing or method control, but showed a dis-ordinal (crossover) interaction for timing control. While these findings provide little support for the demand–control model, they suggest that two new processes, namely ‘traction–distraction’ and ‘passivity–challenge’, are critical to understanding the nature of the relationship between operational problems and operator strain in AMT systems. We describe these processes and examine the implications for future research. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
557.
David L. MacIntosh Susan A. Zimmer-Dauphinee Randall O. Manning Phillip L. Williams 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2000,63(3):409-429
Aldehydes are an airborne byproduct of many industrialprocesses, vehicle transportation, and emissions fromnumerous natural sources. To characterize aldehydeconcentrations in ambient air of the Savannah, Georgiaarea, air samples for 3 aldehydes (formaldehyde,acetaldehyde, and propionaldehyde) were collected atfive sites on a monthly basis over a 12-month periodfrom December of 1995 through November 1996. Four ofthe sites were in central Savannah and the fifth sitewas located in a rural area about 56 km south ofSavannah. During each 24-hr sampling episode, sampleswere collected in two 12-hr periods approximatingdaylight and nighttime hours, following U.S. EPAMethod TO-11. Formaldehyde concentrations ranged from0.17 to 6.80 g m-3, acetaldehydeconcentrations ranged from 0.07 to7.60 g m-3, and propionaldehyde levels rangedfrom 0.02 to 9.10 g m-3. On average, thefour sites in Savannah had higher aldehydeconcentrations than the rural site (2.0 versus1.2 g m-3 for formaldehyde, 2.3 versus1.7 g m-3 for acetaldehyde, and 1.2 versus1.0 g m-3 for propionaldehyde). The daytimeconcentrations for formaldehyde and acetaldehyde werehigher than the nighttime levels. The data from allthe sites were within published worldwide backgroundvalues for aldehydes. 相似文献
558.
Smith SM Gawlik DE Rutchey K Crozier GE Gray S 《Journal of environmental management》2003,68(4):355-366
In the winter-spring of 2001, South Florida experienced one of the worst droughts in its recorded history. Out of a myriad of ecological concerns identified during this time, the potential for catastrophic peat fire and negative impacts to wading bird reproduction emerged as critical issues. Water managers attempted to strike a balance between the environment and protection of water supplies for agriculture and urban interests. It became evident, however, that a broad-scale, integrated way to portray and prioritise ecological stress was lacking in the Florida Everglades, despite this being considered a necessary tool for addressing issues of environmental protection. In order to provide a framework for evaluating various water management operations using real-time information, we developed GIS-based indices of peat-fire risk and wading bird habitat suitability. These indices, based on real physical, chemical, and biological data, describe two ecological conditions that help define the physical and biological integrity of the Everglades. In addition to providing continuous, updated assessments throughout the drought period, we incorporated predictive models of water levels to evaluate how various water management alternatives might exacerbate or alleviate ecological stress during this time. 相似文献
559.
The present study compared work commitments, overall job satisfaction, intrinsic and extrinsic rewards satisfactions, and organizational and professional turnover intentions of 718 male and female accounting professionals at different career stages. Career stage was measured by professional tenure. The results indicate that there are some differences in work attitudes across career stages for male accounting professionals. Job involvement, organizational commitment, and intrinsic and extrinsic rewards satisfaction are positively related to professional tenure. Organizational turnover intentions are negatively related to professional tenure for male accounting professionals. There are no significant differences in work attitudes across career stages for female accounting professionals. An examination of reasons for differences in work attitude patterns between male and female accountants suggests the need for research to determine whether later career stages (advancement and maintenance) differ for men and women. The results also suggest that future research should consider defining career stage in terms of the overlap between stages defined using alternate career stage measures. 相似文献
560.
Thomas Mehner Susan Busch Catriona Clemmesen Ingeborg Palm Helland Franz H?lker Jan Ohlberger Myron A. Peck 《Marine Biology》2012,159(11):2583-2603
Systematic comparisons of the ecology between functionally similar fish species from freshwater and marine aquatic systems are surprisingly rare. Here, we discuss commonalities and differences in evolutionary history, population genetics, reproduction and life history, ecological interactions, behavioural ecology and physiological ecology of temperate and Arctic freshwater coregonids (vendace and ciscoes, Coregonus spp.) and marine clupeids (herring, Clupea harengus, and sprat, Sprattus sprattus). We further elucidate potential effects of climate warming on these groups of fish based on the ecological features of coregonids and clupeids documented in the previous parts of the review. These freshwater and marine fishes share a surprisingly high number of similarities. Both groups are relatively short-lived, pelagic planktivorous fishes. The genetic differentiation of local populations is weak and seems to be in part correlated to an astonishing variability of spawning times. The discrete thermal window of each species influences habitat use, diel vertical migrations and supposedly also life history variations. Complex life cycles and preference for cool or cold water make all species vulnerable to the effects of global warming. It is suggested that future research on the functional interdependence between spawning time, life history characteristics, thermal windows and genetic differentiation may profit from a systematic comparison of the patterns found in either coregonids or clupeids. 相似文献