恩施地区生态足迹和生态承载力评价

以恩施地区2010年统计数据为依据,对其2010年的生态足迹、生态承载力、生态盈余进行计算和分析,并将生态足迹、生态承载力、生态盈余和万元GDP生态足迹分别与恩施地区贫困村分布密度进行空间耦合。研究表明：（1）恩施地区人均生态盈余为0467 hm2,人均生态承载力为0947 1 hm2,人均生态足迹为048 hm2;（2）贫困村分布密度最高的来凤县、建始县人均生态盈余很少,而贫困村分布密度最低的利川市、咸丰县、宣恩县、鹤峰县,人均生态足迹最高和最低的县分别是咸丰县、宣恩县,鹤峰县的生态承载力最高,人均生态盈余最高的是宣恩县、鹤峰县,万元GDP生态足迹最高和最低的分别是利川市,巴东县;（3）通过生态足迹的研究,提出了恩施贫困地区需放大生态比较优势,〖JP2〗因地制宜,努力将生态盈余转化为直接的经济增长,使之能够有效的帮助贫困地区脱贫致富     

磷酸微波活化多孔生物质炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附特性

以甘蔗渣为原料,采用微波辅助H3PO4活化法制备富含含氧酸官能团的中孔生物质炭。通过扫描电子显微镜SEM、傅立叶变换红外光谱FT-IR等技术对生物质炭物理化学性质进行表征,并通过静态实验法,探讨炭样对亚甲基蓝的吸附行为及热力学性质。结果表明,H3PO4活化制备蔗渣生物质炭的适宜条件为浸渍比1：1,烘干时间10h,活化功率900W,活化时间22min,在此条件下制得的生物质炭得率为39．2％,碘值为817mg／g,亚甲基蓝值为229mg／g,为国家一级品标准的1．7倍。红外光谱分析表明,炭样表面以羟基、羰基、羧基等酸性官能团为主。静态吸附实验表明,Freundlich方程与Redlich—Peterson方程能较好地描述等温吸附行为,表现为优惠吸附。热力学研究表明,吸附吉布斯自由能（△G0）〈0,说明吸附反应是自发过程,而吸附标准焓变（△H0）〉70KJ／mol,表明亚甲基蓝在制备炭样上的吸附是吸热反应,升温有利于吸附,且化学反应在吸附过程中发挥了重要作用。     

西安市及周边地区MODIS气溶胶光学厚度与PM10浓度关系模型研究

西安是空气污染监控和防治有代表性的西部大型城市。研究了西安市及周边地区上空气溶胶光学厚度与PM10浓度的关系模型。利用2011—2012年MODIS卫星气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）遥感产品,通过数据匹配,利用地面气象观测站点的能见度数据和相对湿度数据对AOD产品进行垂直标高订正和湿度订正,2项订正显著提高了AOD和地面PM10浓度的相关性,相关系数从0．36提高到0．65,按季节分类统计和订正春至冬四季的相关系数分别为0．57、0．71、0．62和0．87,夏季和冬季的订正更为有效,可用性更高,这可能由于受到不同季节气溶胶来源和特征的影响。为研究中国西部大型城市,特别是西安市空气环境监测和区域联防联控提供了一种有效方法。     

水生植物酸碱预处理对厌氧发酵联产氢气-甲烷的影响简

采用酸碱预处理乌梁素海典型沉水植物龙须眼子菜和挺水植物芦苇,通过厌氧发酵动力学分析、还原糖变化及微观结构解析,研究酸碱预处理对水生植物厌氧发酵联产氢气-甲烷的影响。实验结果表明,酸碱预处理后水生植物厌氧发酵联产氢气-甲烷两阶段累积产气量、氢气及甲烷含量均显著提高,酸处理效果优于碱处理。采用0.5 mol/L HCl预处理龙须眼子菜效果最佳,最大氢气、甲烷含量分别达42.65%和52.82%,产氢气速率为4.118 mL/h,产甲烷速率最高达14.199 mL/h。芦苇经1 mol/L HCl预处理效果最佳,最高氢气、甲烷含量分别为32.22%和65.26%。扫描电镜微观结构分析表明,酸碱预处理可显著破坏芦苇、龙须眼子菜的纤维素结构,有效增加植物与微生物接触面积,有利于厌氧发酵联产氢气-甲烷工艺的快速启动和稳定运行。     

Biodegradation of methyl red by Bacillus sp. strain UN2: decolorization capacity,metabolites characterization,and enzyme analysis

Azo dyes are recalcitrant and refractory pollutants that constitute a significant menace to the environment. The present study is focused on exploring the capability of Bacillus sp. strain UN2 for application in methyl red (MR) degradation. Effects of physicochemical parameters (pH of medium, temperature, initial concentration of dye, and composition of the medium) were studied in detail. The suitable pH and temperature range for MR degradation by strain UN2 were respectively 7.0–9.0 and 30–40 °C, and the optimal pH value and temperature were respectively 8.0 and 35 °C. Mg²⁺ and Mn²⁺ (1 mM) were found to significantly accelerate the MR removal rate, while the enhancement by either Fe³⁺ or Fe²⁺ was slight. Under the optimal degradation conditions, strain UN2 exhibited greater than 98 % degradation of the toxic azo dye MR (100 ppm) within 30 min. Analysis of samples from decolorized culture flasks confirmed biodegradation of MR into two prime metabolites: N,N′dimethyl-p-phenyle-nediamine and 2-aminobenzoic acid. A study of the enzymes responsible for the biodegradation of MR, in the control and cells obtained during (10 min) and after (30 min) degradation, showed a significant increase in the activities of azoreductase, laccase, and NADH-DCIP reductase. Furthermore, a phytotoxicity analysis demonstrated that the germination inhibition was almost eliminated for both the plants Triticum aestivum and Sorghum bicolor by MR metabolites at 100 mg/L concentration, yet the germination inhibition of parent dye was significant. Consequently, the high efficiency of MR degradation enables this strain to be a potential candidate for bioremediation of wastewater containing MR.     

石墨气体扩散电极的制备与性能优化

电极的制备工艺及参数直接影响电极材料的活性。主要考察了C/PTFE质量比、碾压压力、煅烧温度、造孔剂NH4HCO3及稀土掺杂等因素对电极产出H2O2的影响规律。研究结果表明,电极最佳制备条件为:石墨和PTFE质量比为2∶1、石墨、造孔剂和稀土元素质量比为6∶1∶1、碾压压力10 MPa、煅烧温度330℃。在pH=3、电解质Na2SO4浓度为0.05mol/L条件下,电解2 h后,改性电极产生的H2O2从95 mg/L提高到350 mg/L,提高了268.4%。     

Ozone Artifacts and Carbonyl Measurements Using Tenax GR,Tenax TA,Carbopack B,and Carbopack X Adsorbents

Abstract

Four popular thermally desorbable adsorbents used for air sampling (Tenax TA, Tenax GR, Carbopack B, and Carbopack X) are examined for the potential to form artifacts with ozone (O₃) at environmental concentrations. The performance of these adsorbents for the ketone and alde-hyde species identified as O₃-adsorbent artifacts was also characterized, including recovery, linearity, and method detection limits (MDLs). Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, 13 different artifacts were identified and confirmed for both Tenax TA and Tenax GR, 9 for Carbopack B, but none for Carbopack X. Several O₃ artifacts not reported previously were identified, including: pentanal, 3-hexanone, 2-hexanone, hexanal, 3-heptanone, and heptanal with Tenax TA; pentanal, 3-hexanone, 2-hexanone, hexanal, and 3-heptanone on Tenax GR; and 1-octene and 1-nonene with Carbopack B. Levels of straight-chain aldehyde artifacts rapidly diminished after a few cycles of adsorbent conditioning/O₃ exposure, and concentrations could be predicted using a first-order model. Phenyl-substituted carbonyl artifacts (benzalde-hyde and acetophenone) persisted on Tenax TA and GR even after 10 O₃ exposure-conditioning cycles. O₃ breakthrough through the adsorbent bed was most rapid in adsorbents that yielded the highest levels of artifacts. Overall, artifact composition and concentration are shown to depend on O₃ concentration and dose, conditioning method, and adsorbent type and age. Calibrations showed good linearity, and most compounds had reasonable recoveries, for example, 90 ±15% for Tenax TA, 97 ±23% for Tenax GR, 101 ±24% for Carbopack B, and 79 ±25% (91 ±9% for n-aldehydes) for Carbopack X. Benzeneacetaldehyde recovery was notably poorer (22–63% across the four adsorbents). MDLs for several compounds were relatively high, up to 5 ng. By accounting for both artifact formation and method performance, this work helps to identify which carbonyl compounds can be measured using thermally desorbable adsorbents and which may be prone to bias because of the formation of O_3- adsorbent artifacts.     

公路项目竣工环境保护验收调查中的重点与难点

公路项目是生态影响类建设项目,本文以达渝高速公路三期工程(大竹城西至重庆段)竣工环境保护验收调查为例,以验收调查的技术路线、方法、工程建设对生态环境的影响及声环境的影响为重点进行调查,对在公路项目竣工环境保护验收调查中存在的问题和重点进行总结。     

燃煤锅炉机组电改袋工程成功案例分析

以宝钢电厂3#机组电改全袋工程为例,论述了该成功工程的特点,介绍了袋式除尘器及滤料的比选过程、结构型式和设计参数,总结了除尘系统所具有的技术特色和投运后所取得的效果,该案例对袋式除尘器在电站锅炉的推广应用具有参考意义。     

树脂固定床吸附含酚废水预测模型研究

针对应用于实际工业化的树脂固定床吸附研究较少,而与之相关的固定床吸附穿透曲线可以用来确定固定床吸附操作参数,为固定床的设计和实际操作提供指导。通过对恒定波振荡理论和吸附等温方程的联合,来预测固定床吸附穿透曲线;并研究了不同操作条件对大孔弱碱树脂吸附对硝基酚穿透曲线预测模型的影响。以期望为树脂固定床的设计和实际工业应用产生指导意义。