Chapter one: exposure measurements

Determining human exposure to suspended particulate concentrations requires measurements that quantify different particle properties in microenvironments where people live, work, and play. Particle mass, size, and chemical composition are important exposure variables, and these are typically measured with time-integrated samples on filters that are later submitted to laboratory analyses. This requires substantial sample handling, quality assurance, and data reduction. Newer technologies are being developed that allow in-situ, time-resolved measurements for mass, carbon, sulfate, nitrate, particle size, and other variables. These are large measurement systems that are more suitable for fixed monitoring sites than for personal applications. Human exposure studies need to be designed to accomplish specific objectives rather than to serve too many purposes. Resources need to be divided among study design, field sampling, laboratory analysis, quality assurance, data management, and data analysis phases. Many exposure projects allocated too little to the non-measurement activities.     

Male endogenous pheromonal component of Bactrocera carambolae (Diptera: Tephritidae) deterred gecko predation

Summary. Geckos consumed immature Bactrocera carambolae males readily, but their consumption was reduced significantly when offered sexually mature males. They showed a similar aversion for sexually mature males previously fed with methyl eugenol. When male flies at different ages were offered to starved geckos, geckos’ consumption showed an age-related anti-feeding effect, which was concomitant with the production trend of 6-oxo-1-nonanol, a major endogenous component synthesized in the male rectal gland. The production of 6-oxo-1-nonanol was also age-related and corresponded with sexual maturity as reported previously. Topical application of the authentic chemical of 6-oxo-1-nonanol onto the thorax of female fruit flies, at the amount normally detected in the rectal gland of a sexually mature male, had the same deterrent effect against geckos.     

长期配施秸秆对灰漠土质量的影响

利用国家灰漠土肥力与肥料效益长期定位试验,采用长期不施肥、常规施化肥和长期配施秸秆(玉米秸秆或小麦秸秆)等不同施肥措施相比较的方法,研究长期秸秆还田土壤养分的年际变化,以及对土壤动物、微生物、酶活性的影响。研究发现:⑴长期配施秸秆能提高土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量,平均分别提高15%、48%和22%;⑵配施秸秆对土壤昆虫群落呈正向作用且贡献最大,主要增加了大型、中小型农田土壤动物的个体总数和优势类群数量,尤其是疣跳科和等节跳科动物个体数量增加近10倍;⑶土壤养分与土壤细菌、固氮菌、氨化细菌、纤维分解菌和反硝化细菌呈正相关,秸秆还田激发土壤有益微生物的生长和类群数量,使土壤微生物类群数量比对照增加15%~44%;⑷土壤养分与土壤磷酸酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性呈正相关,与过氧化氢酶呈负相关,秸秆还田增强土壤蔗糖酶、磷酸酶和脲酶活性,特别是脲酶和蔗糖酶活性平均提高26.5%。结果表明,长期配施秸秆提高了土壤动物丰富性和微生物多样性,增加了土壤酶活性,同时生物类群和酶活性的增加也改变了土壤生态环境,加速了土壤熟化。     

Temporal accumulation of phenylpropanoids in male fruit flies, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bactrocera dorsalis</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">B. carambolae</Emphasis> (Diptera: Tephritidae) following methyl eugenol consumption

Summary. Males of dacine tephritids, Bactrocera carambolae and B. dorsalis are strongly attracted to, and compulsively feed on methyl eugenol (ME), a potent attractant for many Bactrocera species. While ME was shown to be biotransformed into phenylpropanoids, 2-allyl-4,5-dimethoxyphenol and (E)-coniferyl alcohol, and temporarily stored in the rectal gland of male B. dorsalis prior to release during courtship at dusk, B. carambolae male produces only the latter compound along with its de novo synthesized pheromone components. Both species were also shown to have different age-related response, sensitivity and consumption levels of ME. Here, we monitored and compared temporal changes in the accumulation profiles of these phenylpropanoids by the two sibling species, with male rectal glands being individually excised at different time intervals from 15 minutes to 20 days after initial ME feeding and analysed quantitatively. Results are discussed in light of plant-fruit fly co-evolution relationship.     

中小城镇环境规划中循环经济理念的拓展

我国小城镇环境规划作为社会经济发展计划的有机组成部分，是促进城镇的环境管理和可持续发展的重要手段。循环经济是生态型经济，在小城镇环境规划中引入循环经济理念并对其指标和内容进行拓展，目的是实现资源的高效利用和不断循环，使城镇经济发展更适应环境保护和生态循环的需要，是未来重要的发展趋势之一。     

美国洪泛平原管理的新方向

根据美国联邦跨机构洪泛平原管理审查委员会对密西酉比河１９９３年特大洪水的调查分析以及对美国现行洪泛平原管理方式、水土资源规划的原则与准则等的评价，简要介绍现有管理方式存在的问题与发展方向，为我国从事洪泛区规划与管理提供参考信息．     

低压水射流辅助PDC刀具切削花岗岩

采用低压水射流辅助聚晶金刚石刀具车削花岗岩，采集不同切削条件下切削力的数据，分析了在水射流辅助下刀具进给量、切削深度、切削速度、水射流压力、喷射距离对切削力的影响。结果表明，在实验压力范围内，切削过程中，水射流使岩石受到冲蚀，并使微裂纹扩展，有利于岩石的切削。切削力随着水射流压力的增大而减少。     

大气环境影响评价中理解和执行国家标准的几个问题

就大气环境影响评价中理解和执行ＧＢ／Ｔ１３２０１－９１、ＧＢ３０９５－８２的几个问题提出了看法和建议。     

四川跨世纪经济发展中防灾与环保的思考

本文试从防灾与环保的角度，结合三个跨世纪经济发展地区的实际，论述了三峡库区水环境恶化，库岸地质灾害的发展趋势，攀枝花能源和矿产资源开发区的自然灾害与人类不合理活动加剧可能带来的灾害性后果；川西经济开发区日益严重的环境污染问题，提出了加强防灾、环保的一些建议，作为四川跨世纪经济发展避免少走弯路的引玉之砖。     

废水处理催化湿式氧化法及其催化剂的研究进展

湿式氧化 法是为 处理高浓 度有毒有 害废物 或废水而 发展 起来 的行 之有 效的 方法， 在国 外已得到广 泛重视 和应用。 本文介绍 了湿式氧 化法的 基本概念 ，着重 阐述 了近 来催 化湿 式氧 化法 中有关催化 剂的研 究进展和 方向