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51.
Shunsuke Managi Akira Hibiki Tetsuya Tsurumi 《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》2009,58(3):346-363
The literature on trade openness, economic development, and the environment is largely inconclusive about the environmental consequences of trade. This study treats trade and income as endogenous and estimates the overall impact of trade openness on environmental quality using the instrumental variables technique. We find that whether or not trade has a beneficial effect on the environment varies depending on the pollutant and the country. Trade is found to benefit the environment in OECD countries. It has detrimental effects, however, on sulfur dioxide (SO2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in non-OECD countries, although it does lower biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) emissions in these countries. We also find the impact is large in the long term, after the dynamic adjustment process, although it is small in the short term. 相似文献
52.
Dietmar Reinert Tetsuya Kimura Karl-Josef Gorgs 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2013,19(1):105-115
The authors analysed a proportional valve with electrical position feedback for its failure behaviour. Severalfailures were introduced into the feedback loop, especially into the 2 solenoids and the inductive positiontransducer. The behaviour of the valve for square and ramp reference signals was recorded and systematicallyanalysed. It was shown that failures could be detected by monitoring the residual signal from the equipmentunder control or the residual signal from the sensor. It was possible to achieve the safe position within twice thenormal response time of the valve by switching off the current of both solenoids. The application of these resultsfor a new generation of safe proportional valves is discussed. The use of the results of these investigationsobviates the need for redundancy of the electrical position monitoring arrangement in a safe proportionalvalve. 相似文献
53.
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) of whole blood samples taken from 24 healthy adult Japanese volunteers (12 males and 12 females; age range 25–46 years). On average, 95 PCB congeners were detected in whole blood samples. The mean of total PCB concentration in whole blood was 771.9 pg g–1 whole blood (139.6 ng per g-lipid). Congener-specific analysis identified the predominant PCB congeners as #153 (22.2), #180 (11.6), #138 (8.4), #182/187 (6.6), #118 (5.6), #163/164 (5.0), #99 (3.9), #74 (3.6), #146 (3.3), #170 (3.0) and #156 (2.2), representing 75.6 of all PCBs detected in the human blood samples. Among the predominant PCB congeners, #153, #180, #138, #187 #118, #99 and #74 had chlorine as the substituent at the 2-, 4- and 5- positions of the phenyl-ring. In human blood in Japanese individuals, it is assumed that these congeners would be characteristic of the entire population, based on the relation between PCB ingestion and metabolism. Measuring 209 PCB congeners has the advantage of providing detailed information regarding the congener distribution within the blood samples, which can be compared to congener patterns in other matrices. Congener-specific analysis of 209 PCB congeners is especially useful in evaluating human exposure to PCBs. 相似文献
54.
Voltammetric response of ferroceneboronic acid to diol and phenolic
compounds as possible pollutants
Shigehiro Takahashi Naoyuki Abiko Nobuhiro Haraguchi Hiroyuki Fujit Eriko Seki Tetsuya Ono Kentaro Yoshi Jun-ichi Anzai 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2011,23(6):1027-1032
A voltammetric determination of possible organic pollutants such as diol and phenolic compounds in water was studied using
ferroceneboronic acid (FBA) as a redox-active marker. A cyclic voltammogram of FBA exhibited a pair of oxidation and reduction
peaks at 230 and 170 mV at pH 7.0, respectively, while another pair of redox peaks was observed in the presence of diol or phenolic
compounds tested. The results were rationalized based on the formation of boronate esters of FBA with the added compounds. The
changes in the redox peak currents were dependent on the concentration of the additives, suggesting a usefulness of FBA in the
electrochemical determination of these compounds in water. 相似文献
55.
Meihua DengSonoko D. Kimura Juhwan LeeMasayuki Hojito Muneoki Yoh 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2011,144(1):330-337
Evaluation of denitrification capacities is necessary to develop a sustainable manure management system in order to reduce NO3− leaching and N2O emissions from agricultural soils. Denitrification rates were measured using the acetylene inhibition technique on intact soil cores from eight Andosols under three different cropping systems in an intensive livestock catchment of central Japan. The N application rates ranged from 200 to 800 kg N ha−1 yr−1. The denitrification rates were highly variable across fields, and were influenced significantly by land uses and manure forms. Compared with upland fields, paddy rice fields had a greater denitrification rate up to 1380 and 85 mg N m−2 day−1 in the top 30-cm soil layer during flooding and non-flooding periods, respectively. In upland fields, the maximum value for the top 30-cm soils was 44 mg N m−2 day−1 and most of the rates were less than 10 mg N m−2 day−1. The greater denitrification rates were often associated with slurry application rather than composted dry manure. Overall, denitrification from Andosols in this study displayed a lower capacity than that of non-Andosols. 相似文献
56.
Environmental Fluid Mechanics - Predicting the motion of driftwood around hydraulic structures such as bridge piers and spur dikes is important. We propose a numerical model for simulating... 相似文献
57.
Masaki Takaoka Nobuo Takeda Takeshi Fujiwara Masato Kurata Tetsuo Kimura 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(8):931-940
Abstract The control of Hg emissions from a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) is very important, because more than 78% of municipal solid waste (MSW) is incinerated. The Hg content of coal used in utility boilers is relatively low in Japan. In this study, recent trends in the Hg content of MSW in Japan and activated carbon (AC) injection as a control technology of Hg emission from an MSWI are discussed. The effect of AC injection on Hg removal from flue gas in an MSWI was investigated by pilot-scale experiments using a bag filter (BF). The injection of AC increases the Hg reduction ratio by 20–30% compared with cases without AC injection. The Hg reduction ratio increases as the flue gas temperature decreases. The Hg reduction ratio is closely related to the inlet Hg concentration and was expressed with a Langmuir-type adsorption isotherm. 相似文献
58.
Modeling heterogeneous ClNO2 formation,chloride availability,and chlorine cycling in Southeast Texas
H. Simon Y. Kimura G. McGaughey D.T. Allen S.S. Brown D. Coffman J. Dibb H.D. Osthoff P. Quinn J.M. Roberts G. Yarwood S. Kemball-Cook D. Byun D. Lee 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(40):5476-5488
Nitryl Chloride (ClNO2) mixing ratios above 1 ppbv have been measured off the coast of Southeast Texas. ClNO2 formation, the result of heterogeneous N2O5 uptake on chloride-containing aerosols, has a significant impact on oxidant formation for the Houston area. This work reports on the modeling of ClNO2 formation and describes the sensitivity of ClNO2 formation to key parameters. Model sensitivity analyses found that: (1) Chloride availability limits the formation of nitryl chloride at ground level but not aloft; (2) When excess particulate chloride was assumed to be present at ground level through sea salt, ClNO2 concentrations increased in some locations by a factor of 13, as compared to cases where sea salt chloride was assumed to be limited; (3) Inland formation of ClNO2 seems feasible based on chloride availability and could have a large impact on total ClNO2 formed in the region; and (4) ClNO2 formation is quite sensitive to the assumed yield of ClNO2 from N2O5 uptake. These results demonstrate that there is a need for further field studies to better understand the geographic extent of ClNO2 formation and the atmospheric conditions which control partitioning of chloride into the particle phase. In addition, this work examined the role of ClNO2 in the cycling of chlorine between chloride and reactive chlorine radicals. The modeling indicated that the majority of reactive chlorine in Texas along the Gulf coast is cycled through ClNO2, demonstrating the importance of including ClNO2 into photochemical models for this region. 相似文献
59.
Sonoko D. Kimura Yo Toma Zhijian Mu Hiroyuki Yamada Ryusuke Hatano 《Sustainability Science》2010,5(1):19-27
Relationships among global warming potential (GWP), farmland surplus nitrogen (FSN) and income for major land uses in the
Ikushunbetsu watershed were compared using the eco-balance method. An empirical model was created for carbon dioxide, methane
and nitrous oxide for both uplands and paddy rice using monitoring data from 22 fields. The greenhouse gas emissions were
converted into GWP, whereas yield and FSN were obtained from interviews with farmers and a literature survey. Land use distribution
was obtained by ground surveys in 2002, 2005 and 2007. The analysis showed that paddy rice and soybeans were characterized
by a high GWP, low FSN and high income, whereas onions and vegetables had a high FSN but low GWP and moderate income. Wheat
showed a negative GWP in some years, and abandoned areas always exhibited negative values. The total GWPs for the region were
14,184, 11,085 and 8,337 Mg CO2 year−1 for 2002, 2005 and 2007, respectively. The contribution of paddy rice to GWP was highest, ranging from 40 to 75%. To find
optimal land use combinations that provide higher incomes and lower GWPs and FSNs than at present, all possible land use combinations
were analyzed by changing the land use proportion from 0 to 100% at an interval of 10%. The number of land use combinations
meeting the requirements in the three investigated years was 205. Abandoned area, which had the smallest environmental load,
was included in every land use combination, indicating that land uses with low environmental impacts should be maintained
at a certain proportion to mitigate the environmental load accompanying land uses with high production. 相似文献
60.
Continuous abundance estimates (510 m resolution) of the copepods Neocalanus cristatus, N. flemingeri and Metridia pacifica were obtained with an electronic particle counter along cruise tracks in the subarctic western North Pacific in spring. For
all three species, the number of patches decreased exponentially with increasing patch size. Most patches (63 to 83%) were
dominated by one species, and patches of the same species more closely spaced than patches of different species. The patches
of M. pacifica tended to coexist with those of N. cristatus. In contrast, patches of N. flemingeri rarely co-occurred with those of other copepods. These patterns were more clearly observed in fine-scale observations with
sampling intervals of <31 m. Coherence analysis of copepod species pairs showed no characteristic scale at 2 to 50 km wave
lengths. At shorter wave lengths (<2 km), frequent positive correlations were observed between N. cristatus and M. pacifica. Thus, the distribution of copepods appears to be a mosaic assemblage of patches of each copepod species. These results suggest
that copepods have a mechanism to form species-specific aggregations, and the aggregation and segregation processes are maintained
at a scale of <2 km.
Received: 24 February 1999 / Accepted: 25 April 2000 相似文献