滨州市沿海防潮工程的生态响应

地处黄河三角洲腹地的滨州沿海为风暴潮多发区,沿海防潮工程建设已取得了显著的经济社会效益,同时也带来了一些负面生态效应,主要表现在:海岸侵蚀、潮滩潮沟退化、贝壳堤岛部分丧失、鱼类回游通道截断和入海河流水质恶化等。建议今后应加强防潮工程生态影响监测与评价,海岸带生态修复和防潮工程技术研究,以充分发挥沿海防潮工程的作用。     

矿山生态环境恢复治理保证金制度在迁安的实践

以迁安市矿山环境恢复治理保证金制度实施情况及效果的调查为基础,总结了迁安市的成功实践经验,强化全社会对资源环境问题的认识,健全矿山生态环境建设责任制,建立矿山生态环境保护与治理数据库,提高矿山环境治理的技术水平。     

新生鼠PFOS低剂量慢暴露对成年后神经行为的影响

为观察新生鼠全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)低剂量慢暴露对其成年后神经行为和海马组织影响,选取出生后5-7 d雄性SD幼鼠80只,按体重随机分为4组,分别为对照组(Con)、低剂量组(P5)、中剂量组(P10)、高剂量组(P20),每组各20只。从PND7开始染毒,共染毒12周,动态记录体重,并进行水迷宫、旷场实验、滚轮实验观察神经行为变化,同时取材进行HE染色,观察海马形态学改变。结果显示与Con组比较,P20组染毒8 d后出现体重增长减缓(P0.05),4周时P10和P20组死亡率明显升高;并且P10、P20组在4周,P5组在8周时,水迷宫实验逃逸潜伏期延长,目标象限停留时间缩短;P10、P20组大鼠在4周,P5组在8周时,旷场实验中央格停留时间延长,站立次数减少,行走总距离缩短;滚轮试验中,对照组和P5组肢体运动协调能力无显著性差异。P5组在染毒12周时出现海马神经元排列紊乱,胞核固缩及胞体胀大,CA1区细胞和齿状回闩区神经前体细胞数量明显少于Con组(P0.01)。上述结果表明,大鼠幼年PFOS低剂量慢暴露可损害其成年后空间学习记忆及自主探究能力,这种损害可能与海马神经元发生不足有关     

乌鲁木齐河地表水化学组成及时空分布特征

乌鲁木齐河作为乌鲁木齐市的主要水源地,在生态保护和城市供水中均具有重要的战略意义。为了研究乌鲁木齐河水化学特征及水环境质量,于2016年4—10月逐月对乌鲁木齐河6个采样断面进行地表水样采集,获取水样41个,对主要离子(K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-、HCO_3~-、SO_4~(2-))浓度及pH、DO、TDS、CODMn、TN、TP、NH3-N进行监测分析,探讨了水化学组成的时空差异及影响因素,研究了乌鲁木齐河的水环境质量状况。结果显示,乌鲁木齐河水域年离子总量平均值为213.27 mg/L,属弱矿化度水,年离子总量在空间上表现出沿主河道由南向北逐步增加的趋势。主要阴离子为HCO_3~-和SO_4~(2-),主要阳离子为Ca~(2+),水质类型为Ca~(2+)-HCO_3~--SO_4~(2-)型。2016年河水年内不同时期TDS平均浓度排序为:9月10月4月5月6月8月7月。对水化学离子含量基于时间序列分析,结果显示除Ca~(2+)、HCO_3~-外,其他离子含量在各月份间均存在显著差异。SO_4~(2-)浓度在年内变化最为明显,呈现先减少后增加的趋势。对主要离子含量基于空间序列进行分析,结果显示,仅Na+含量存在显著差异。现阶段乌鲁木齐河的水环境质量为轻度污染。     

Kinetics and mechanism for omethoate degradation by catalytic ozonation with Fe(III)-loaded activated carbon in water

The kinetics and mechanism for degradation of omethoate (OMT) by catalytic ozonation with Fe(III)-loaded activated carbon (Fe@AC) were investigated in this study with focus on identification of degradation byproducts. The rate constants of OMT reacting with ozone and hydroxyl radical (OH) were determined to be 0.04 and 5.3 × 10⁸ M^?1 s^?1 at pH 7.5 and 20 °C, respectively. OMT was predominantly degraded by OH in the catalytic ozonation with Fe@AC. The high-molecular-weight degradation byproducts identified were O,O,O-trimethyl phosphoric ester (TMP), pyrrolidin-2-one, N-methyl-2-sulfanylacetamide, 2-(methylthio)acetamide, O,O,S-trimethylthiophosphate (STMP), and N-methyl-2-(methylthio)acetamide. Besides, low-molecular-weight organic acids and inorganic anions were also detected and quantified, including formic, acetic and oxalic acids as well as nitrate, sulfate and phosphate ions. In the catalytic ozonation, TMP and phosphate were two major P-containing byproducts resulting from OMT degradation. The toxicity of OMT solution gradually decreased during the catalytic ozonation, indicating that Fe@AC is a safe catalyst for OMT removal by ozone in water.     

Removal of sulfamethoxazole and sulfapyridine by carbon nanotubes in fixed-bed columns

Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and sulfapyridine (SPY), two representative sulfonamide antibiotics, have gained increasing attention because of the ecological risks these substances pose to plants, animals, and humans. This work systematically investigated the removal of SMX and SPY by carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in fixed-bed columns under a broad range of conditions including: CNT incorporation method, solution pH, bed depth, adsorbent dosage, adsorbate initial concentration, and flow rate. Fixed-bed experiments showed that pH is a key factor that affects the adsorption capacity of antibiotics to CNTs. The Bed Depth Service Time model describes well the relationship between service time and bed depth and can be used to design appropriate column parameters. During fixed-bed regeneration, small amounts of SMX (3%) and SPY (9%) were irreversibly bonded to the CNT/sand porous media, thus reducing the column capacity for subsequent reuse from 67.9 to 50.4 mg g^?1 for SMX and from 91.9 to 72.9 mg g^?1 for SPY. The reduced column capacity resulted from the decrease in available adsorption sites and resulting repulsion (i.e., blocking) of incoming antibiotics from those previously adsorbed. Findings from this study demonstrate that fixed-bed columns packed with CNTs can be efficiently used and regenerated to remove antibiotics from water.     

畜禽沼液中抗生素和激素的微波处理

通过间歇处理和连续处理实验,探讨微波技术对沼液中四环素类抗生素和激素喹乙醇去除的效果。结果表明,沼液在微波间歇处理中,最优反应时间为40min。此条件下沼液中喹乙醇、土霉素、四环素和金霉素的去除率分别达到26％、49％、48％和70％;微波可显著提高可生化性,BOD5／COD值达到0．37。微波一好氧处理系统中COD与氨氮的去除率分别达到91％和93％,明显优于单独好氧处理。沼液微波连续处理中,最优HRT为90min,此时喹乙醇、土霉素、四环素和金霉素的去除率分别达到24％、45％、50％和74％;BOD5／COD值达到0．34。微波．好氧处理系统中COD与氨氮的去除率均为90％,优于单独好氧处理效果。     

Concentrations and distributions of 18 organochlorine pesticides listed in the Stockholm Convention in surface sediments from the Liaohe River basin,China

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in 26 surface sediment samples from the Liaohe River basin, and the distributions of and potential environmental risks posed by OCPs in the basin were evaluated. Eighteen OCPs listed in the Stockholm Convention were determined using isotope-dilution gas chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry. This is the first study of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in the Liaohe River basin sediments. The total OCP concentrations were 0.39–68.06 ng g^?1 dry weight. The total α-, β-, γ-, and δ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), the total dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT – p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), o,p^'-DDT, and p,p′-DDT), and the HCB concentrations in the sediment samples were 0.1–28.48 ng g^?1 (mean 4.01 ng g^?1), 0.08–6.52 ng g^?1 (mean 3.07 ng g^?1), and 0.18–24.8 ng g^?1 (mean 4.38 ng g^?1), respectively. The HCB concentrations were higher than the concentrations of the other OCPs, and the HCHs and HCB together were the dominant OCPs. β-HCH was the most abundant HCH isomer. The concentrations of DDTs and other OCPs were relatively low, and the (DDE+DDD)/DDT ratios (>0.5) and DDD/DDE ratios (<1) indicated that no recent DDT inputs had occurred in the Liaohe River system. The main sources of HCHs were probably the historical production and agricultural use of HCH in the study area. The DDT and HCH concentrations were generally below or similar to the concentrations that have been found in other parts of the world. An ecotoxicological evaluation indicated that HCHs in surface sediments pose slight risks to human and ecological health in the Liaohe River basin.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Dalian soils: distribution and toxicity assessment

Concentrations of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in surface soils collected from Dalian, China, for examination of distributions and composition profiles and their potential toxicity. The sum of 15 PAHs (SigmaPAHs) ranged from 190 to 8595 ng g(-1) dry weight, and showed an apparent urban-suburban-rural gradient in both SigmaPAHs and composition profiles. Using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), the sampling sites were grouped into four clusters corresponding to traffic area, park/residential area, suburban and rural areas. The ratios of naphthalene (Nap) and fluorene (Fl) versus fluoranthene (Flu), pyrene (Pyr) and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (InP) in the four clusters provided evidence of local distillation. The diagnostic ratios indicated the prevalent PAH sources were petroleum combustion and coal combustion in Dalian, and a cross plot of diagnostic ratios distinguished the urban samples from suburban and rural ones. Toxic potency assessment of soil PAHs presented a good relationship with benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) levels, toxic equivalent concentrations based on BaP (TEQ(BaP)) and dioxin-like toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQ(TCDD)). The study highlights that BaP is a good indicator for assessing the potential toxicity of PAHs, and presents a promising toxicity assessment method for soil PAHs.     

Effects of the "Conversion of Cropland to Forest and Grassland Program" on the water budget of the Jinghe River catchment in China

In 1999 China adopted the "Conversion of Cropland to Forest and Grassland Program" (CCFGP), a nationwide ecological recovery program, to minimize wide-scale soil erosion and vegetation degradation in China, as well as to improve water budgeting results. In the 10 yr since implementation, the CCFGP has resulted in the recovery and reforestation of >100,000 km of cropland and bare land, though the quantitative effect of this program on catchment water budget is not entirely clear. Therefore, we used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool to evaluate and quantify the effects of the CCFGP on the water budget of the Jinghe River catchment, a tributary of the Yellow River covering the central region of the Loess Plateau. Our results indicated that precipitation had dropped by 12.0% from the 1970s (611.6 mm) to the 2000s (538 mm) and that there was a corresponding 25.2% decrease in humidity index from 0.48 to 0.36. Before the CCFGP's implementation, forest and grassland had been decreasing, while bare land, cropland, and shrub land had been increasing. After the implementation of the CCFGP, the opposite trend was observed. Moreover, streamflow increased by about 15 and 20% for the upstream and middle stream subbasins, respectively, while soil water content also showed an obvious increase. Over the same period, evapotranspiration decreased by 5.2 and 13.5 mm and runoff decreased by 37.5 and 38.6% in the two subbasins. The same trends were obtained in the downstream subbasin, where changes were even greater. As a result of the reduced runoff and evapotranspiration, utilization of water resources was more efficient and ecological environment was improved under the CCFGP policy. Our results indicate the CCFGP resulted in a favorable ecological impact and should therefore be maintained.