隆回县高海拔山区高效生态经济型退耕还林造林模式研究

通过对六种植物配置方式及三种开发模式的对比试验分析，试验出了一种融水土保持效益与经济效益于一体的高效生态经济型造林模式，并探讨了灰毡毛忍冬产量与海拔高度的关系．结果表明：在自然条件恶劣的小沙江高海拔山区，采用金银花(品种为灰毡毛忍冬) 三木药材或其它草本药材，运用景观生态学原理进行设计开发，可获得很好的经济效益与社会效益，并能保持山区的可持续发展．同时还试验出了主栽树种灰毡毛忍冬在海拔1000～1400m之间时经济效益最好．     

Evaluation of the economic and environmental impact of converting cropland to forest: a case study in Dunhua county, China

The Sloping Land Conversion Program (also known as "Grain for Green" or the Upland Conversion Program) for converting cropland to forest is one of China's most ambitious environmental initiatives, and is one of the world's largest land-conservation programs with a budget of RMB 337 billion (over US$ 40 billion). Although environmental impacts have played a vital role in the general reasoning and argumentation for forest plantations, environmental impact analyses have often received less attention than economic analyses in the planning of plantation forestry projects. The overall goal of this paper is to evaluate the program's environmental impact considering the farmer's interests and the potential social benefits due to carbon sequestration in different scenarios based on household and field survey data in Dunhua County. Our findings are that: (1) in many cases, the program did not give adequate consideration to land productivity and environmental heterogeneity when selecting plots; (2) more than half of the reforestation plots were on flat cropland (slopes of less than 5 degrees ); (3) in five of the eight townships, net incomes on reforested land were substantially above or below previous crop incomes, raising questions about the efficiency of the allocation of compensation to farmers participating in the program; (4) the potential carbon co-benefit increased the NPV of the program by 5954-7009 RMB/ha. In conclusion, we recommend that more attention should be paid to the quality of reforestation programs rather than just their scale and note that consideration of potential carbon sequestration co-benefits enhances the benefits of cropland conversion programs.     

Phosphorus and copper leaching from dredged sediment applied on a sandy loam soil: column study

In this paper, downward movement of phosphorus and copper as dredged sediment applied on sandy loam soil was studied by column leaching experiments. Three sediment application rate, (i.e., 1, 2 and 5-cm depth of sediments) were applied to the top of the soil columns. Two and a half months leaching experiments were conducted, which include a 15-day un-watered period. Concentrations of phosphorus and copper in the leachate and the vertical distribution of Olsen-P and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) extractable Cu in the soil columns were determined. The results showed that, un-watered period could increase the downward movements of phosphorus and copper. Sediment application significantly increased Olsen-P concentration in the top 15 cm of the soil columns, but has not significantly affected that in the deeper soil layer. The 1-cm depth sediment treatment did not increase the DTPA extractable Cu concentration in the whole soil column. The 5-cm depth sediment treatment, however, significant increased the DTPA extractable Cu in the deeper soil layers. This study suggested that the application of dredged sediment laden with P and Cu on sandy loam soil might cause the significant downward movement of phosphorus and copper.     

Monitoring seasonal distribution of an endangered anadromous sturgeon in a large river using environmental DNA

Monitoring dynamic distribution is crucial to conservation management of anadromous sturgeons, but traditional survey methods are less efficient for low-density populations in a large river. Natural propagation of Chinese sturgeon has been monitored annually mainly at the spawning ground using netting for eggs and hydroacoustics for broodstock. However, absence of spawning was observed sporadically in recent years, indicating further crises for the declining population. We analyzed eDNA of water samples collected from 24 sites across 1360 km of the migratory route of anadromous Chinese sturgeon in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Chinese sturgeon was detected at 9 sites during the spawning season and 14 sites after the spawning season. We found that positive eDNA detection rates remained constant in the middle reaches but dramatically changed in the lower reaches, reflecting seasonal migration pattern of Chinese sturgeon. Invasive sturgeons were detected in the river, indicating their possible escape from aquaculture facilities. This study established a protocol for the use of eDNA to monitor distribution of Chinese sturgeon and could be valuable in making better policies for the conservation of this endangered species.     

Selective effects of fenitrothion on murine splenic T-lymphocyte populations and cytokine/granzyme production

The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro effects of fenitrothion (FNT) on mouse splenic lymphocytes. Here, naïve mice had their spleens harvested and splenocytes isolated. After exposure to FNT for 48 hr: splenocyte viability was measured using a tetrazolium dye assay; cell phenotypes, i.e., B-cells (CD19⁺), T-cells (CD3⁺), and T-cell subsets (CD4⁺ and CD8⁺), were quantified by flow cytometry; and, production of cytokines/granzyme-B was assessed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The ability for FNT to induce oxidative stress in the cells was evaluated by measuring hydroxyl radical (·OH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) production and changes in glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The results showed that FNT significantly inhibited splenocyte proliferation, and decreased production of interleukin (IL)-2, interferon gamma, IL-4, and granzyme B, but had no impact on IL-6 production. FNT also selectively decreased splenic T-cell levels but did not induce changes in CD19⁺ B-cells. Further, within the T-cell populations, percentages of CD3⁺, CD4⁺, and CD8⁺ T-cells (particularly CD8⁺ T-cells) were reduced. Lastly, FNT selectively increased MDA and ·OH production and inhibited SOD and GSH-Px activities in the splenic lymphocytes. These findings suggest that, due to oxidative damage, FNT selectively inhibits splenic T-lymphocyte survival and cytokine/granzyme production in vitro.     

总程平衡治理技术处理饮料废水工艺

对可乐废水采用总程平衡治理技术,经调查、试验与计算,对废水实行动态的分流．将占总水量不足２％ 的浓废水进行厌氧处理,去除占ＣＯＤ总量７０％ 以上的污染物,使好氧处理负荷降低．根据费用计算中所作假设,在其它条件不变的情况下,总程平衡治理工艺吨水处理能耗可比常规好氧治理工艺节省４８％ ．     

半推流式活性污泥系统工程应用特点分析

根据工程实例和应用结果 ,分析了复合式活性污泥系统半推流式系统的特点 .即 :该系统具有处理深度大、抗冲击负荷强、不易发生污泥膨胀等优点 ,适合于工业废水的治理 .     

Quantitative assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants in Qingdao, China

In this study, 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were detected in sewage sludge samples from four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Qingdao, China. These WWTPs differ in the type of treatment used and in the origin of the wastewater. The total amounts of PAHs in digested sludges ranged from 1.9645 to 6.5752 mg/kg, which did not exceed the projected European Union cut-off limits (6 mg/kg) for sludge found in farmland, except for the Haibohe WWTP. Significant differences were observed in overall PAH values between WWTPs receiving domestic effluents and those receiving industrial effluents. The total amounts of PAHs in digested sludge from the Licunhe and Haibohe WWTPs, which mainly received industrial effluents, were markedly higher than those of the Tuandao and Huangdao WWTPs, which received only domestic effluents. The distribution of PAH compounds in digested sludges were analysed. At the Tuandao, Huangdao and Licunhe WWTPs, 2-, 3-, 4-benzene rings were predominant, accounting for 100%, 99.8% and 99.0% of the sum concentration of 16 PAHs (∑PAHs), respectively. At the Haibohe WWTP, a large number of high molecular weight PAHs (5-, 6-benzene rings) were observed, accounting for 30% of the ∑PAHs. The sum of seven carcinogenic PAHs (∑PAHs-c) ranged from 0.8694 to 3.0389 mg/kg in four WWTPs. The highest value was found in the Haibohe WWTP. Moreover, the PAH concentrations in sludges from the different treatment processes in the Licunhe and Tuandao WWTPs are discussed.     

面向人体暴露评价的植物中抗生素分析进展

抗生素通过动物粪便或生物固体的施用、再生水灌溉进入农业土壤后可以被蔬菜和粮食作物吸收,从而造成人体的被动暴露。为了评估抗生素对人体暴露的健康风险,需要基于植物样品,发展灵敏、稳定且针对性强的分析方法。本文综述了植物样品中抗生素残留分析的研究进展,重点介绍了样品提取、净化等前处理方法及其仪器分析方法,并对植物样品中抗生素分析的研究方向进行了展望。     

比较2种RAD54启动子调控的全酵母发光细胞对化学诱变原的评价效果

通过分子生物学技术构建2种不同RAD54启动子调控的yEGFP重组报告载体pRAD54￣yEGFP和pRAD54S￣yEGFP,前者启动子DNA为1.8 kb,后者为0.5 kb,分别转入W303￣1A酵母细胞,构建2种启动子调控的发光酵母细胞,用不同化学诱变原作用后,用流式细胞仪和多功能发光仪测定酵母的发光强度。结果发现2种启动子调控的酵母细胞的发光强度均与化学诱变原(甲磺酸甲脂、4￣硝基￣N￣氧化喹啉和5￣氟尿嘧啶)有明显的剂量效应关系,但是W303￣1A/RAD54￣yEGFP剂量效应关系较为明显,产生的最大诱导倍数(5.96、2.19和2.71)明显高于W303￣1A/RAD54S￣yEGFP所产生的最大诱导倍数(2.53、1.50和1.91),可能与启动子序列中转录因子的数量以及转录因子间协同增效作用有关。同时发现,流式细胞仪测定效果明显优于发光仪测定效果。所以在构建RAD54启动子调控重组酵母细胞筛选诱变时,选用全启动子序列效果较好。