水污染分析校准用汞溶液的研制

研制了水污染分析校准用汞溶液。采用原子荧光光谱法对样品进行了均匀性和稳定性检验,对样品的量值进行了验证并进行了不确定度评定。检验结果表明:汞溶液均匀性良好,室温条件下可稳定36个月以上;样品的标准值为100 mg/L,扩展不确定度为2 mg/L。样品量值与美国AccuStandard公司同种标准物质具有一致性。可用于水中汞检测的测定标准、质量控制、分析方法研究以及实验室能力验证等方面。     

Pathway and policy analysis to China’s deep decarbonization

The Paris Agreement marks the beginning of a new era in the global response to climate change, which further clarifies the long-term goal and underlines the urgency addressing climate change. For China, promoting the decoupling between economic growth and carbon emissions as soon as possible is not only the core task of achieving the medium- and long-term goals and strategies to address climate change, but also the inevitable requirement for ensuring the sustainable development of economy and society. Based on the analysis of the historical trends of the economy and social development, as well as society, energy consumption, and key end-use sectors in China, this paper studies the deep carbon emission reduction potential of carbon emission of in energy, industry, building, and transportation and other sectors with “bottom-up” modeling analysis and proposes a medium- and long-term deep decarbonization pathway based on key technologies’ mitigation potentials for China. It is found that under deep decarbonization pathway, China will successfully realize the goals set in China’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions of achieving carbon emissions peak around 2030 and lowering carbon dioxide emissions per unit of gross domestic product (GDP) by 60–65% from the 2005 level. From 2030 onward, the development of nonfossil energy will further accelerates, and the share of nonfossil energies in primary energy will amounts to about 44% by 2050. Combined with the acceleration of low-carbon transformation in end-use sectors including industry, building, and transportation, the carbon dioxide emissions in 2050 will fall to the level before 2005, and the carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP will decreases by more than 90% from the 2005 level. To ensure the realization of the deep decarbonization pathway, this paper puts forward policy recommendations from four perspectives, including intensifying the total carbon dioxide emissions cap and strengthening the related institutional systems and regulations, improving the incentive policies for industrial low-carbon development, enhancing the role of the market mechanism, and advocating low-carbon life and consumption patterns.     

Pollution of hazardous substances in industrial construction and demolition wastes and their multi-path risk within an abandoned pesticide manufacturing plant

Exploration of heavy metals and organic pollutants, their leaching capacity along with health and environmental risks in contaminated industrial construction and demolition waste (ICDW) within a pesticide manufacturing plant were investigated. A maximum content of 90.8 mg?kg^–1 Cd was found present in the wastes, which might originate from phosphorus rocks and industrial sulfuric acid used in pesticide production processes. An average concentration of 979.8 mg?kg^–1 dichlorovos and other 11 organophosphorus pesticide were also detected. Relatively high leaching rates of around 4.14‰were obtained from laboratory simulated ICDW using both glacial acetic acid-sodium hydroxide and deionized water. Pesticide pollutants had the strongest tendency to retaining on dry bricks (leaching rate 1.68‰) compared to mortar-coatings, etc. due to their different physical characteristics and octanol-water partioning coefficient. Mobility of pesticide from on-site ICDW by water was spatially correlated to waste types, process sections and human activities, with a flux of leaching rate between 5.9‰ to 27.4%. Risk-based corrective action (RBCA) model was used to simulate the risk of contaminated ICDW debris randomly scattered. Oral and dermal ingestion amount by local workers was 9.8 × 10^–3 and 1.9 × 10^–2 mg?(kg?d)^–1, respectively. Potential leaching risk to aquatic systems exceeded the limit for nearly 75% waste. Environmental and health risk exceedance was found in most ICDW, while the risk value of the most severely contaminated brick waste was 660 times beyond critical level. Implications for waste management involving construction and deconstruction work, waste transferring and regulation supplying were also provided.

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Using the IPAT identity and decoupling analysis to estimate water footprint variations for five major food crops in China from 1978 to 2010

Evaluations of water footprint (WF) used to enhance performance of policies on water utilization will benefit from combining WF analysis with methods from sustainability analysis. For this purpose, this paper analyzes the WF of China’s five main food crops, which together account for roughly 33 % of the nation’s water consumption. We assess distributional equity at the provincial scale and use the IPAT identity and a decoupling analysis to assess the scale of both national and provincial WF consumption, the factors influencing the WF fluctuation, and the efficiency of water allocation. Results show that although it is difficult in the short term to end the unsustainable WFs of China’s five main food crops, more efficient allocation can be achieved through appropriate agricultural policy modification. In the long term, distributional equity at the provincial level must be the key factor in achieving sustainable agriculture in China.     

Application of positive matrix factorization to identify potential sources of PAHs in soil of Dalian, China

Soil derived sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the region of Dalian, China were investigated using positive matrix factorization (PMF). Three factors were separated based on PMF for the statistical investigation of the datasets both in summer and winter. These factors were dominated by the pattern of single sources or groups of similar sources, showing seasonal and regional variations. The main sources of PAHs in Dalian soil in summer were the emissions from coal combustion average (46%), diesel engine (30%), and gasoline engine (24%). In winter, the main sources were the emissions from coal-fired boiler (72%), traffic average (20%), and gasoline engine (8%). These factors with strong seasonality indicated that coal combustion in winter and traffic exhaust in summer dominated the sources of PAHs in soil. These results suggested that PMF model was a proper approach to identify the sources of PAHs in soil.     

损伤状态下变电构架可靠性分析的实用模型

按照结构形式对常见的变电构架进行分类,根据其中受损杆件的不同损伤类型,建立了截面面积损伤率和截面惯性矩损伤率之间的相关关系表达式,并以此来修改损伤杆件的单元刚度矩阵.在随后的结构可靠度分析中,采用响应面法和Monte Carlo法与有限元程序结合,使构件截面几何参数产生大量不同损伤水平的样本,从而得到不同损伤水平下各类变电构架结构的响应及其可靠度指标的变化规律,所得结论可供变电构架的安全监控参考.     

Emissions of gas- and particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Shing Mun Tunnel,Hong Kong

Real-world vehicle emission factors for seventeen gas and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were quantified in the Shing Mun Tunnel, Hong Kong during summer and winter 2003. Naphthalene, acenaphthylene, and acenaphthene were the most abundant gas PAHs while fluoranthene and pyrene were the most abundant in the particle phase. Most (98%) of the gas PAHs consisted of two- and three-aromatic rings whereas most of the particle-phase PAHs were in four- (～60%) and five-ring (～17%) for fresh exhaust emissions. Average emission factors for the gas- and particle PAHs were 950–2564 μg veh^?1 km^?1 and 22–354 μg veh^?1 km^?1, respectively. Good correlations were found between diesel markers (fluoranthene and pyrene; 0.85) and gasoline markers (benzo[ghi]perylene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene; 0.96). Higher PAH emission factors were associated with a higher fraction of diesel-fueled vehicles (DV) passing through the tunnel. Separate emission factors were determined from diesel and non-diesel exhaust by the regression intercept method. The average PAH emission factor (i.e., sum of gas and particle phases) from DV (3085 ± 1058 μg veh^?1 km^?1) was ～5 times higher than that from non-diesel-fueled vehicles (NDV, 566 ± 428 μg veh^?1 km^?1). Ratios of DV to NDV emission factors were high for diesel markers (>24); and low for gasoline markers (<0.4).     

双循环多级水幕吸收塔烟气除尘脱硫性能研究

以改进后的双循环多级水幕塔对烟气进行除尘脱硫性能的研究,利用双循环不同pH值控制的优点和多级水幕的效果,增加气液接触面积和传质动力,提高SO₂吸收效果。在正交实验的最佳运行工况基础上,实验从烟气流量、上下两段pH、L/G和SO₂进气浓度等方面进行单因素研究。结果表明,除尘效率维持在98%以上,进气SO₂浓度在5 000 mg/m³以下时,脱硫率在93%以上。上段pH值为6、下段pH值为5、L/G在15左右的脱硫效率和运行工况最佳,无结垢现象发生。改进后的吸收塔具有良好的应用前景,实验结果对于现场脱硫设备的调试和运行有很好的参考价值。     

粉煤灰基混凝剂制备及处理印钞废水研究

将粉煤灰经过超细球磨后再采用微波处理,用于制备粉煤灰基混凝剂。结果表明,超细和微波处理能明显增加混凝剂的产率和性能。通过正交实验确定了去除印钞废水中浊度的粉煤灰基混凝剂的最佳制备工艺条件：粉煤灰/酸比为1∶4（w/v）,粉煤灰/碱比为1∶3（w/v）,熟化温度为40℃。当投加量为5 mL/100 mL时,粉煤灰基混凝剂对印钞废水处理的浊度去除率为98.37％。对粉煤灰基混凝剂的混凝机理进行了分析。     

有机磷降解酶的固定化及其工业化应用初探

采用一种新型的酶固定化方法,在大孔微球中对有机磷降解酶（OPHC2）固定化,制备固相载体化的交联酶聚集体固定化酶。对具有实际应用意义的参数：热稳定性、牢固度和连续反应批次进行了重点研究。结果表明,有机磷降解酶固定化酶的半衰期在70℃时比游离酶提高了2.1倍。固定化酶分别在37℃的摇床中经14 h高速振荡,以及在pH 8、37℃条件下循环反应49个批次降解甲基对硫磷后,均未发现固定化酶酶活力下降。在37℃,有机磷降解酶固定化酶柱以每小时3倍柱床体积的速率对甲基对硫磷农药乳油的稀释液（甲基对硫磷含量为216 mg/L）进行降解处理,系统连续工作156 h,甲基对硫磷的降解率保持在98.4%～99.9%。