Peroxyacetyl nitrate observed in Beijing in August from 2005 to 2009

Measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate（PAN） were made at a Beijing urban site each August from2005 to 2009. Over this 5-year period, the average PAN concentration for August in each year increased from 3（2005） to 11.7 μg/m3（2007）; however, it decreased rapidly in 2008（4.1 μg/m3）.Generally, the variation over the 5 years showed a rise in the first part of the study period,followed by a decline. We considered two categories of local and regional air masses in this study, which revealed that the PAN concentration in Beijing was affected mainly by southeastern air masses. The August PAN variation was influenced predominantly by local air masses in 2005,but by 2009 regional air masses had become more important. This study showed the level and variation of PAN in the month of August in 5 consecutive years for the first time, and proved that control measures are useful in decreasing photochemical pollution; hence, these measures are probably feasible for other megacities too. Furthermore, this method of analyzing regional and local impacts might be useful for other studies as well.     

西安市高新区采暖期大气颗粒物污染状况分析

为了解西安市高新区采暖期大气颗粒物(包括PM1 0和PM2.5)污染状况,于2013年1月1日到2013年3月15日在高新区进行了为期74 d的连续自动采样。结果表明:采样期间高新区PM1 0的小时浓度范围28~1744μg/m3,平均浓度为332μg/m3;PM2.5的小时浓度范围13~946μg/m3,平均浓度为207μg/m3。PM2.5占PM1 0的平均比例为63.8%。颗粒物浓度日变化呈现弱双峰特征,分别在凌晨2:00和上午7:00~8:00左右达到浓度最高值,但是上午的峰值并不明显。颗粒物在15:00~1 6:00之间浓度达到最低值,由于受采暖影响,18:00之后颗粒物浓度明显上升。     

煤制气废水处理技术研究进展综述

基于中国能源结构特点,新型煤化工产业近年来得到大力推进,尤其煤制气项目发展迅速,而煤化工废水处理及综合利用成为限制其发展的瓶颈因素之一。文中介绍了煤制气废水来源、特点、处理难度,依照煤制气废水的常规处理流程,从预处理、生化处理、深度处理三个方面详细介绍国内外煤制气废水处理应用实例及技术研究现状,指出废水处理关键问题,为解决煤制气产业废水治理问题提供参考。     

浅述汽车加油站油气回收系统监测研究

加油站油气回收系统是由卸油油气回收系统、汽油密闭储存、加油油气回收系统、在线监测系统和油气排放处理装置组成。该系统的作用是将加油站在卸油、储油和加油过程中产生的油气,通过密闭收集、储存和送入油罐汽车的罐内,运送到储油库集中回收变成汽油,以达到在汽车加油、油料储运过程中油汽不外泄,不污染周边环境的目的。根据中华人民共和国《加油站大气污染物排放标准》(GB 20952-2007)中第六条的规定,长三角地区的改造项目应在2010年1月1日进行,因此对加油站油气回收系统的监测显得十分紧迫。     

在用机动车环保管理——《2013年中国机动车污染防治年报》（第Ⅳ部分）

环境保护部日前发布《2013年中国机动车污染防治年报》,公布了2012年全国机动车污染排放状况。本期“研究成果展示”专栏以六篇形式连载。本文刊载关于在用机动车环保管理的内容,以飨读者。该年报指出,2012年,全国参加环保定期检验的汽车共有5561．7万辆,占全国汽车保有量的51．3％。天津、重庆、等61个城市汽车环保定期检验率达到80％以上。截至2012年底,全国累计核发环保检验合格标志5981．3万枚,标志发放率达到55．2％。天津市、长春、南京、杭州等32个城市机动车环保检验合格标志发放率达到90％以上。截至2012年底,北京、重庆、天津、辽宁、江苏、内蒙古、陕西、山西、安徽、四川10省（自治区、直辖市）环境保护部门成立了专门的省级机动车环保监管机构;长春、南京、青岛等84个城市组建了相应的市级机动车环保监管机构,与2010年相比、全国共增加机动车专职监管机构27个。2012年,天津市、河北省、四川省政府出台了省级机动车污染防治管理办法;呼和浩特市人大通过了机动车污染防治条例;邢台、晋城、佳木斯等市政府出台了机动车污染防治政府规章。     

绿色建材的研究与发展综述

总结了绿色建材的基本概念与评价方法,介绍了绿色混凝土、绿色墙体材料、绿色涂料、相变储能建筑材料,认为绿色建材和绿色建筑技术将成为未来建筑行业的主要研究方向之一,今后我国绿色建材发展的主要前提首先是提高政府、设计人员的环保意识,其次要健全评价体系。     

好氧污泥颗粒化中胞外聚合物（EPS）的动态变化

在SBR中分别运行普通活性污泥和好氧颗粒污泥工艺,考察普通絮体污泥颗粒化过程中EPS的组分变化和分布情况.结果表明,通过减少沉淀时间可以获得质量高的颗粒污泥,污泥系统中的EPS可划分为紧密结合型、松散结合型和溶解性3种;普通污泥期、颗粒污泥初期和颗粒污泥稳定期的EPS含量均以紧密结合型EPS为主,颗粒污泥中总EPS和溶解性EPS含量均高于普通污泥,且颗粒形成初期溶解性EPS增长明显;颗粒污泥中紧密结合型EPS含量相对稳定,松散结合型EPS在不同污泥中含量很低,一个典型反应周期中蛋白质和多糖的变化趋势普遍是先降低后上升,普通污泥和颗粒污泥EPS中蛋白质含量均高于多糖,颗粒形成初期EPS中蛋白质含量有明显上升;普通絮体污泥中EPS和细菌分布均匀,颗粒污泥的表层聚集大量的细菌、内部主要成分是EPS.     

Effect of alkalinity on nitrite accumulation in treatment of coal chemical industry wastewater using moving bed biofilm reactor

Nitrogen removal via nitrite （the nitrite pathway） is more suitable for carbon-limited industrial wastewater. Partial nitrification to nitrite is the primary step to achieve nitrogen removal via nitrite. The effect of alkalinity on nitrite accumulation in a continuous process was investigated by progressively increasing the alkalinity dosage ratio （amount of alkalinity to ammonia ratio, mol/mol）. There is a close relationship among alkalinity, pH and the state of matter present in aqueous solution. When alkalinity was insufficient （compared to the theoretical alkalinity amount）, ammonia removal efficiency increased first and then decreased at each alkalinity dosage ratio, with an abrupt removal efficiency peak. Generally, ammonia removal efficiency rose with increasing alkalinity dosage ratio. Ammonia removal efficiency reached to 88% from 23% when alkalinity addition was sufficient. Nitrite accumulation could be achieved by inhibiting nitrite oxidizing bacteria （NOB） by free ammonia （FA） in the early period and free nitrous acid in the later period of nitrification when alkalinity was not adequate. Only FA worked to inhibit the activity of NOB when alkalinity addition was sufficient.     

Sources of nitrous and nitric oxides in paddy soils：Nitrification and denitrification

Rice-paddies are regarded as one of the main agricultural sources of N 2O and NO emissions. To date, however, specific N2O and NO production pathways are poorly understood in paddy soils. ^15N-tracing experiments were carded out to investigate the processes responsible for N2O and NO production in two paddy soils with substantially different soil properties. Laboratory incubation experiments were carried out under aerobic conditions at moisture contents corresponding to 60% of water holding capacity. The relative importance of nitrification and denitrification to the flux of NaO was quantified by periodically measuring and comparing the enrichments of the N2O, NH~-N and NO3-N pools. The results showed that both N2O and NO emission rates in an alkaline paddy soil with clayey texture were substantially higher than those in a neutral paddy soil with silty loamy texture. In accordance with most published results, the ammonium N pool was the main source of N2O emission across the soil profiles of the two paddy soils, being responsible for 59.7% to 97.7% of total N2O emissions. The NO3-N pool of N2O emission was relatively less important under the given aerobic conditions. The rates of N2O emission from nitrification （N2On） among different soil layers were significantly different, which could be attributed to both the differences in gross N nitrification rates and to the ratios of nitrified N emitted as NzO among soil layers. Furthermore, NO fluxes were positively correlated with the changes in gross nitrification rates and the ratios of NO/N2O in the two paddy soils were always greater than one （from 1.26 to 6.47）. We therefore deduce that, similar to N2O, nitrification was also the dominant source of NO in the tested paddy soils at water contents below 60% water holding capacity.     

Dry deposition of PM10 over the Yellow Sea during Asian dust events from 2001 to 2007

Dry deposition velocities and fluxes of PM10during Asian dust events over the Yellow Sea from 2001 to 2007 were investigated using observation data in Qingdao, China and Jeju, Korea. The dry deposition velocities of PM10 during dust events over the Yellow Sea ranged from 0.19 to 8.17 cm/sec, with an average of 3.38 cm/sec. Dry deposition fluxes of PM10during dust events over the Yellow Sea were in the range of 68.5–2647.1 mg/(m2·day), with an average of 545.4 mg/(m2·day), which is 2–10 times higher than those reported by other studies for both dust and non-dust periods. It was estimated that 2.6 × 1011–48.7 × 1011g dust particles deposit to the Yellow Sea during dust events through dry deposition every year. Compared with the results in previous studies, it was found that the dry deposition of PM10over the Yellow Sea during dust events in the years with high frequency of dust could account for a large or overwhelming fraction of the annual total dry deposition. Backward air mass trajectory analysis showed that dust events influenced Jeju mainly originated from the desert regions located in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, China. There were 119 backward trajectories influenced both Qingdao and Jeju during 15 dust events from 2001 to 2007, accounting for 61.3% of the total trajectories of 194, indicating that Qingdao and Jeju were usually on the same pathway of dust transport downwind from source areas.