Nitrated and parent PAHs in the surface water of Lake Taihu, China: Occurrence, distribution, source, and human health risk assessment

Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) have toxic potentials that are higher than those of their corresponding parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and thus have received increasing attention in recent years. In this study, the occurrence, distribution, source, and human health risk assessment of 15 NPAHs and 16 PAHs were investigated in the surface water from 20 sampling sites of Lake Taihu during the dry, normal, and flood seasons of 2018. The ΣPAH concentrations ranged from 255 to 7298 ng/L and the ΣNPAH concentrations ranged from not-detected (ND) to 212 ng/L. Among the target analytes, 2-nitrofluorene (2-nFlu) was the predominant NPAH, with a detection frequency ranging from 85% to 90% and a maximum concentration of 56.2 ng/L. The three-ringed and four-ringed NPAHs and PAHs comprised the majority of the detected compounds. In terms of seasonal variation, the highest levels of the ΣNPAHs and ΣPAHs were in the dry season and flood season, respectively. Diagnostic ratio analysis indicated that the prime source of NPAHs was direct combustion, whereas in the case of PAHs the contribution was predominantly from a mixed pattern including pollution from unburned petroleum and petroleum combustion. The human health risk of NPAHs and PAHs was evaluated using a lifetime carcinogenic risk assessment model. The carcinogenic risk level of the targets ranged from 2.09 × 10^?7 to 5.75 × 10^?5 and some surface water samples posed a potential health risk.     

具有双反应活性中心Cu-Al2O3-g-C3N4类芬顿催化剂及·OH选择性转化机理研究

采用水热合成法制备Cu-Al₂O₃-g-C₃N₄类芬顿催化剂,以扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、电子自旋共振（EPR）、拉曼光谱（Raman）对所制备的催化剂及反应过程进行表征.以染料亚甲基蓝（MB）和罗丹明B（Rh-B）及小分子有机物2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸（2,4-D）、双酚A（BPA）和苯妥英（PHT）为目标污染物,研究催化剂在初始pH=7条件下的类芬顿催化活性.同时,探讨Cu掺杂量和有机物配体g-C₃N₄掺杂量对体系催化性能的影响,并验证晶格氧诱发与有机配体络合两种方式对催化剂活性和稳定性提高产生的影响.DMPO-EPR自由基测定实验及Raman光谱监测催化反应过程验证表明：Cu的晶格氧掺杂诱发了靠近铜晶格O₂^·-的富电子Cu中心,以及靠近铝晶格O₂^·-的缺电子Al中心;引入的g-C₃N₄以阳离子π作用形式通过σ-型Cu—O—C键桥将π体系上的电子转移至Cu,形成一个新的缺电子π中心.在H₂O₂存在的情况下,富电子Cu中心将电子传递给H₂O₂,使其被还原为·OH;同时,体系中H₂O的电子被缺电子中心剥夺,进而氧化为·OH.羟基自由基转化率TOFs值的进一步计算结果表明,Cu-Al₂O₃-g-C₃N₄体系中TOF值为0.516 s^-1,是传统均相芬顿体系TOF值（1.53×10^-2 s^-1）的33倍以上.     

差异化开展国土空间生态修复的思考

近年来,由于气候变化和人类活动的双重影响,生态系统承受了越来越大的压力。在一定程度上,这些压力改变了生态系统的结构和过程,降低了生态系统服务功能,对区域可持续发展形成了威胁。国土空间生态修复是推进生态文明建设的重大举措,也是应对以上生态系统问题的重要手段,我国已将其上升到国家战略的高度。但是,目前国土空间生态修复的相关研究尚缺乏系统的梳理,相关的国土空间生态修复工作也缺乏系统总结,不利于生态修复工作的深入开展。因此,亟需系统梳理我国生态修复相关工作的演进脉络,阐述不同时期国土空间生态修复目标、手段、区域的差异化,剖析当前我国开展国土空间生态修复工作遇到的问题,进而提出相关应对策略,以期裨益于我国新时期的国土空间生态修复工作。研究表明：（1）我国的生态修复研究经历了萌芽、早期实践及新时期国土空间生态修复的演进过程。各个时期生态修复目标、手段和区域的差异化明显。（2）当前,我国国土空间生态修复的主要问题是,生态方面的历史欠账多、现实矛盾多,生态系统功能问题较为突出,生态修复部门职责相对分散、履职较为矛盾,生态修复投入机制相对单一。（3）未来,应该分别依据生态问题时间维度、空间维度、行政与市场维度的差异化,分别开展有针对性的国土空间生态修复工作。     

厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥胞外聚合物金属元素特性

为探究厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥胞外金属元素特性,将厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥根据粒径筛分为0.5~1.4mm、1.4~2.8mm、>2.8mm 3组,提取不同粒径厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）,研究EPS金属元素特性.结果表明,蛋白质（PN）是厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥EPS的主要成分,占EPS含量的84.2%以上.随着粒径的增大,EPS中Na、K、Ca、Mg元素含量均增多,且与EPS中蛋白质含量变化一致.EPS中K、Ca、Mg元素的离子形式占比分别为68.6%、56.2%、94.7%.EPS经过阳离子交换树脂（CER）处理后,0.5~1.4mm、1.4~2.8mm、>2.8mm组EPS Zeta电位分别减小了4.7,7.2,9.1mV,EPS中的金属离子可通过压缩双电层作用促进颗粒污泥的聚集,金属离子对大粒径颗粒污泥EPS Zeta电位的影响幅度更大.     

Mn1-yNiyOx的制备及其催化燃烧甲苯性能的研究

通过水热共沉淀法制备了Mn_1-yNi_yO_x复合氧化物催化剂(y=0.1~0.5),考察掺杂Ni对Mn基氧化物在甲苯燃烧中的影响,在获得最优锰镍比例后,对其热稳定性与耐久性进行测试,然后通过XRD、N₂吸脱附、SEM、H₂-TPR以及XPS对其物理结构和氧化还原性能进行表征.结果表明,Mn和Ni在甲苯吸附和活化中产生相互作用,生成更多的Mn⁴⁺以及表面吸附氧,提供大量的反应活性位点,增强了催化氧化性能.Mn_0.8Ni_0.2O_x在甲苯催化燃烧中表现出的催化性能最好,其热稳定性与耐久性也表现优异,与MnO_x在甲苯催化燃烧中相比,其T₅₀、T₉₀分别下降12和11 ℃,在238℃即可将甲苯完全氧化,并且碳平衡值约为99%,无二次污染产生,该研究成果可为挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)催化燃烧提供更好的方式和材料.     

不同肥源条件下Zn对农田土壤N2O排放的影响及其机制

为探究锌（Zn）污染对农田土壤氧化亚氮（N₂O）排放的影响,分别以猪粪和尿素为肥源进行室内培养实验,对比分析不同含量Zn （0、50、500、1500和5000mg/kg）对N₂O排放的影响及其机制,并在培养第52d向所有处理再次添加尿素以探究其长期效应,共培养80d.结果表明：第1次添加肥料阶段,在尿素为肥源处理中不同含量Zn均表现为显著抑制作用（P<0.05）,而猪粪为肥源处理中除50mg/kg无显著影响外（P>0.05）,其它含量处理均显著促进N₂O排放（P<0.05）.第2次添加肥料阶段,不同肥源条件下Zn的作用规律一致,即50mg/kg无显著影响（P>0.05）,500和1500mg/kg显著提高N₂O排放而5000mg/kg处理与之相反（P<0.05）.此阶段500、1500和5000mg/kg处理以猪粪和尿素为肥源时其N₂O累积排放量与同肥源对照的比值分别为3.49、3.13、0.01和2.53、2.74、0.04,可见同等含量Zn在猪粪为肥源条件下作用更强,500和1500mg/kg Zn的促进机制为Zn提高了土壤中NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N含量以及控制反硝化过程N₂O产生和还原功能基因相对丰度的比值（nirS/nosZ）,而5000mg/kg Zn抑制了土壤中NH₄⁺-N进一步转化为NO₃^--N,从而降低了N₂O排放.     

亚洲大陆流出羽中气溶胶磷的来源解析

利用西风盛行时在青岛采集的总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）样品,分析其中总P （TP）和溶解态P （DP）浓度与气团后向轨迹的关系,采用正定矩阵因子分析（PMF）和潜在源贡献因子分析（PSCF）方法解析TP和DP的来源及其潜在贡献区域.结果表明：青岛气溶胶中TP主要来自地壳源的贡献（45%）;其次是机动车排放源（22%）、燃烧源（21%）和工业源（12%）;海盐源的贡献最小（<1%）.但DP主要来自人为源的贡献,其中机动车排放源的贡献为35%,燃烧源和/或二次源为28%、工业源为25%;地壳源和海盐源等自然源的贡献分别为9%和1%.相同来源的TP和DP其潜在贡献区域相似,但DP的贡献区域范围更广.地壳源P （TP和DP）的贡献区域集中在沙尘从源地向我国近海传输的路径上,海盐源P的贡献区域位于黄、渤海,工业源P的贡献区域主要为河南、山东以及蒙古国南部等地区,燃烧源/二次源P的主要贡献区域为山东南部和江苏北部区域,机动车排放源P的贡献区域则主要为北京、天津、山东、江苏等区域.     

Difference in calcium ion precipitation between free and immobilized Halovibrio mesolongii HMY2

Biomineralization has become a research focus in wastewater treatment due to its much lower costs compared to traditional methods. However, the low sodium chloride (NaCl)-tolerance of bacteria limits applications to only water with low NaCl concentrations. Here, calcium ions in hypersaline wastewater (10% NaCl) were precipitated by free and immobilized Halovibrio mesolongii HMY2 bacteria and the differences between them were determined. The results show that calcium ions can be transformed into several types of calcium carbonate with a range of morphologies, abundant organic functional groups (C-H, C-O-C, C=O, etc), protein secondary structures (β-sheet, α-helix, 3₁₀ helix, and β-turn), P=O and S-H indicated by P2p and S2p, and more negative δ¹³C_PDB (‰) values (-16.8‰ to -18.4‰). The optimal conditions for the immobilized bacteria were determined by doing experiments with six factors and five levels and using response surface method. Under the action of two groups of immobilized bacteria prepared under the optimal conditions, by the 10^th day, Ca²⁺ ion precipitation ratios had increased to 79%-89% and 80%-88% with changes in magnesium ion cencentrations. Magnesium ions can significantly inhibit the calcium ion precipitation, and this inhibitory effect can be decreased under the action of immobilized bacteria. Minerals induced by immobilized bacteria always aggregated together, had higher contents of Mg, P, and S, lower stable carbon isotope values and less well-developed protein secondary structures. This study demonstrates an economic and eco-friendly method for recycling calcium ions in hypersaline wastewater, providing an easy step in the process of desalination.     

Drivers of microbial beta-diversity in wastewater treatment plants in China

As one of the most well-documented biogeographic patterns, the distance-decay relationship provides insights into the underlying mechanisms driving biodiversity distribution. Although wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are well-controlled engineered ecosystems, this pattern has been seen among microbial communities in activated sludge (AS). However, little is known about the relative importance of environmental heterogeneity and dispersal limitation in shaping AS microbial community across China; especially they are related to spatial scale and organism types. Here, we assessed the distance-decay relationship based on different spatial scales and microbial phylogenetic groups by analyzing 132 activated sludge (AS) samples across China comprising 3,379,200 16S rRNA sequences. Our results indicated that the drivers of distance-decay pattern in China were scale-dependent. Microbial biogeographic patterns in WWTPs were mainly driven by dispersal limitation at both local and national scales. In contrast, conductivity, SRT, and pH played dominant roles in shaping AS microbial community compositions at the regional scale. Turnover rates and the drivers of beta-diversity also varied with microorganism populations. Moreover, a quantitative relationship between dispersal limitation ratio and AS microbial turnover rate was generated. Collectively, these results highlighted the importance of considering multiple spatial scales and micro-organism types for understanding microbial biogeography in WWTPs and provided new insights into predicting variations in AS community structure in response to environmental disturbance.     

减污降碳协同多元共治体系需求及构建探析

碳达峰、碳中和目标的提出标志着我国生态环境保护进入减污降碳协同治理新阶段,减污降碳协同增效成为促进经济社会发展全面低碳绿色转型的重要抓手. 面对经济社会高质量发展、空气质量改善与碳达峰、碳中和的多目标需求,仅依靠命令控制型手段为主的大气污染物治理措施将不足以实现减污降碳协同目标. 结果表明:构建“政府-科研机构-市场-社会组织”多元共治模式,通过命令控制与非命令控制的协同实现治理方式转变,从而提高减污降碳协同治理水平. 在顶层设计层面,综合考虑城市经济发展水平、空气污染程度及各行业污染控制措施的不同,因地制宜的制定差异化减污降碳政策;在科学研究方面,开展学科融合、部门协作的减污降碳协同治理科技研究,解决减污降碳协同增效措施评估以及科技数据、资源共享和研究成果落地等问题;在市场方面,将自愿减排交易和更多高排放行业配额交易纳入碳排放交易市场,加强与排污权、用能权、绿色电力等环境权益交易之间的协同,强化市场手段的减污降碳协同增效;在治理机制和手段方面,充分发挥社会组织纽带作用,利用数字化信息系统构建第三方环境信用平台,促进政府、企业、金融机构和公众等关键利益方形成有效沟通和良性互动. 研究表明,“政府-科研机构-市场-社会组织”多元共治模式能有效构建减污降碳协同增效的多元共治体系,充分发挥政府、科研机构、市场与社会组织的作用,解决碳达峰、碳中和目标下的减污降碳协同治理新需求.