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121.
Jurate KumpieneAuthor Vitae Ryan RobinsonAuthor Vitae 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2011,31(1):18-25
Carbon in waste can occur as inorganic (IC), organic (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) each having distinct chemical properties and possible environmental effects. In this study, carbon speciation was performed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), chemical degradation tests and the standard total organic carbon (TOC) measurement procedures in three types of waste materials (bottom ash, residual waste and contaminated soil). Over 50% of the total carbon (TC) in all studied materials (72% in ash and residual waste, and 59% in soil) was biologically non-reactive or EC as determined by thermogravimetric analyses. The speciation of TOC by chemical degradation also showed a presence of a non-degradable C fraction in all materials (60% of TOC in ash, 30% in residual waste and 13% in soil), though in smaller amounts than those determined by TGA. In principle, chemical degradation method can give an indication of the presence of potentially inert C in various waste materials, while TGA is a more precise technique for C speciation, given that waste-specific method adjustments are made. The standard TOC measurement yields exaggerated estimates of organic carbon and may therefore overestimate the potential environmental impacts (e.g. landfill gas generation) of waste materials in a landfill environment. 相似文献
122.
Mary Anne McDonald Author Vitae Hester J. Lipscomb Author Vitae Author Vitae Judith Glazner Author Vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2009,40(1):53-61
Problem
Construction risk management is challenging.Method
We combined data on injuries, costs, and hours worked, obtained through a Rolling Owner-Controlled Insurance Program (ROCIP), with data from focus groups, interviews, and field observations, to prospectively study injuries and hazard control on a large university construction project.Results
Lost-time injury rates (1.0/200,000 hours worked) were considerably lower than reported for the industry, and there were no serious falls from height. Safety was considered in the awarding of contracts and project timeline development; hazard management was iterative. A top-down management commitment to safety was clearly communicated to, and embraced by, workers throughout the site.Discussion and Impact
A better understanding of how contracting relationships, workers' compensation, and liability insurance arrangements influence safety could shift risk management efforts from worker behaviors to a broader focus on how these programs and relationships affect incentives and disincentives for workplace safety and health. 相似文献123.
Kathleen F. Carlson Author Vitae Susan G. Gerberich Author Vitae Author Vitae Ann S. Masten Author Vitae Author Vitae John M. Shutske Author Vitae Author Vitae Colleen M. Renier Author Vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2009,40(2):97-103
Problem
Children on family agricultural operations have high risk of injury. The association between children's behavioral traits and their risk of injury is not well understood.Method
Data from the Regional Rural Injury Study-II were used to assess behavioral risk factors for injury to children ages six to < 20 years. A total of 379 injury events (cases) and 1,562 randomly selected controls were identified. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), calculated using logistic regression, were used to estimate injury risk in reference to behavioral traits.Results
Injury risks were greater for children with high levels of depressive symptoms (OR = 1.9, CI = 1.0-3.7) and aggression (OR = 1.6, CI = 0.9-2.7), and low levels of careful/cautious behavior (OR = 1.8, CI = 1.1-2.9). Children with low levels of self-regulation had reduced risks (OR = 0.4, CI = 0.2-0.8).Discussion
Results suggest that children's behaviors affect their risk of agricultural injury. Additional research could elucidate mechanisms and inform interventions.Impact on industry
The development of multifaceted, sustainable approaches for prevention is necessary for this unique population. These findings suggest a need for interventions that incorporate specific behavior-related risk factors in the context of family farms and ranches. 相似文献124.
Yoko Ishigami Author Vitae Raymond M. Klein Author Vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2009,40(2):157-164
Introduction
Although it is becoming more and more accepted that driving while talking on a cell phone can be hazardous, most jurisdictions are making handheld phone use illegal while allowing hands-free phone use.Methods
The scientific literature exploring the effects of these two types of cell phone use on driving and driving-related performance is reviewed here.Results
Our review shows that talking on the phone, regardless of phone type, has negative impacts on performance especially in detecting and identifying events. Performance while using a hands-free phone was rarely found to be better than when using a handheld phone. Some studies found that drivers compensate for the deleterious effects of cell phone use when using a handheld phone but neglect to do so when using a hands-free phone.Impact on Industry
Current research does not support the decision to allow hands-free phone use while driving. 相似文献125.
Jaesin Sa Author Vitae Author Vitae Sang D. Choi Author Vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2009,40(1):1-6
Introduction
The purpose of this investigation was to compare commercial roofers and residential roofers in terms of their behaviors, beliefs, working conditions, and attitudes toward the use of fall protection devices, which could lead to fall accidents.Methods
A cross-sectional sample of 252 roofers participated in the survey in the Midwest (Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, and Iowa).Results
Residential roofers were more likely to fall (adjusted prevalence ratio = 1.57, 95% CI = 0.86, 2.27) than commercial roofers. Existence of fall protection programs, enforcement of fall protection device use, actual use of fall protection devices, work type, company size, and race/ethnicity were significantly associated with fall accidents.Impact on industry
This study adds insight into fall accidents from roofs in the construction industry and provides industry-specific cautions against fall accidents that can be reflected in regulatory agency implementation. 相似文献126.
Peter J. Martin Author Vitae Author Vitae John F. Culvenor Author Vitae Author Vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2009,40(1):13-19
Problem
This study evaluated the effect of introducing a No Lifting policy on back injuries to nurses, across an entire health care system.Methods
Methods included: analysis of the data for all public health agencies in the Australian state of Victoria; compensation data from the Victorian Workcover Authority; data about workforce and program implementation from a retrospective survey of agencies; longitudinal analysis of standardized workers compensation claim rates for back injuries before, during and after the intervention.Results
A statistically significant decline in back injury claim rates during implementation contrasted with no statistically significant trends within the periods before and after the intervention. A statistically significant reduction occurred in mean quarterly standard back injury claim incidence rates per 1,000 equivalent fulltime nursing staff (EFTNS), representing a 24% reduction in standard back injury claims/1000 EFTNS.Discussion
Ergonomics principles encourage changing the work environment to suit the worker. This approach delivered a significant improvement in the immediate term.Impact of industry
The substantial decline in back injury rates signifies a major improvement in the safety of a critical aspect of the work environment for nurses. 相似文献127.
Finn Tüchsen Author Vitae Karl Bang Christensen Author VitaeAuthor Vitae Johnny Dyreborg Author Vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2009,40(1):21-24
Problem
This study estimated the hazard ratio for disability pension retirement (DPR) for persons who have experienced a work injury causing absence lasting at least one day after the accidental injury occurred and to estimate the fraction of DPR attributable to work injuries.Methods:
A total of 4,217 male and 4,105 female employees from a national survey were followed up for subsequent DPR.Results and impact on industry and government:
Having had a work injury was a strong predictor of DPR among men. After control for age, smoking, body mass index, body postures, and physical demands, the hazard ratio (HR) among those employees who had ever experienced a work injury was 1.80 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.20-2.68). No association was found among women.Summary:
Having had a reportable work injury is a strong predictor of subsequent DPR for men. 相似文献128.
Charles C. Liu Author Vitae Simon G. Hosking Author Vitae Michael G. Lenné Author Vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2009,40(4):239-245
Introduction
Driver drowsiness is a significant contributing factor to road crashes. One approach to tackling this issue is to develop technological countermeasures for detecting driver drowsiness, so that a driver can be warned before a crash occurs.Method
The goal of this review is to assess, given the current state of knowledge, whether vehicle measures can be used to reliably predict drowsiness in real time.Results
Several behavioral experiments have shown that drowsiness can have a serious impact on driving performance in controlled, experimental settings. However, most of those studies have investigated simple functions of performance (such as standard deviation of lane position) and results are often reported as averages across drivers, and across time.Conclusions
Further research is necessary to examine more complex functions, as well as individual differences between drivers.Impact on Industry
A successful countermeasure for predicting driver drowsiness will probably require the setting of multiple criteria, and the use of multiple measures. 相似文献129.
Helmut W. Paschold Author Vitae Alexander V. Sergeev Author Vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2009,40(3):171-176
Problem
Whole-body vibration (WBV) is an occupational issue of concern due to adverse health effects or simple discomfort and annoyance. Unlike in Europe, WBV is an emerging topic in the U.S. safety and health (S&H) professional community. We hypothesized that at least one-half of the U.S. occupational S&H professionals knew little or nothing about WBV.Method
We conducted a cross-sectional study (survey) of WBV knowledge among members of the American Society of Safety Engineers. A Likert scale (1-none to 5-expert) was used to determine WBV topic knowledge levels (KL1-5).Results
Analysis of 2,764 responses revealed that 69.5% of the participants self-reported a less than basic WBV understanding. The WBV KL1-5 mean for all participants was 1.94 ± 1.00, corresponding to an awareness of WBV without a depth of understanding.Summary
Many at-risk U.S. workers may not be supported by occupational S&H professionals with adequate WBV knowledge.Impact on Industry
A significant number of U.S. workers may be exposed to unhealthy levels of whole-body vibration. However, the U.S. occupational safety and health community is generally unprepared to anticipate, monitor, and control the whole-body vibration hazard. 相似文献130.
A comparison of web-based and telephone surveys for assessing traffic safety concerns, beliefs, and behaviors 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kenneth H. Beck Author Vitae Alice F. Yan Min Qi Wang 《Journal of Safety Research》2009,40(5):377-381