臭氧二级传递标准量值传递技术

臭氧(O_3)二级传递标准对O_3三级传递标准进行量值传递,开展了对分析类型、发生类型等不同类型O_3三级传递标准的量值传递实验。分析类型O_3三级传递标准6组校准斜率的相对标准偏差Sm为0.19%、截距的标准偏差SI为0.25 nmol/mol;发生类型O_3三级传递标准6组校准的Sm为0.67%、SI为0.20 nmol/mol,均符合美国环保局O_3二级传递标准量值传递的评价指标:6组多点校准斜率的相对标准偏差Sm≤3.7%,截距的标准偏差SI≤1.5 nmol/mol。进一步对分析类型、发生类型O_3三级传递标准分别进行了6个月的量值传递时间稳定性考察,O_3三级传递标准新的斜率与最近6组斜率均值的比值为0.965~1.037,且新计算的斜率的相对标准偏差Sm为0.37%~1.87%,截距的标准偏差SI为0.20~0.52 nmol/mol,均符合美国环保局量值传递评价指标的要求,建议至少每6个月采用O_3二级传递标准开展一次量值传递。     

A study of assessment indicators for environmental sustainable development of science parks in Taiwan

This study adopted the ecological footprint calculation structure to calculate the ecological footprints of the three major science parks in Taiwan from 2008 to 2010. The result shows that the ecological footprints of the Hsinchu Science Park, the Central Taiwan Science Park, and the Southern Taiwan Science Park were about 3.964, 2.970, and 4.165 ha per capita. The ecological footprint (EF) of the Central Taiwan Science Park was the lowest, meaning that the influence of the daily operations in the Central Taiwan Science Park on the environment was rather low. Secondly, the population density was relatively high, and the EF was not the highest of the Hsinchu Science Park, meaning that, while consuming ecological resources, the environmental management done was effective. In addition, the population density in Southern Taiwan Science Park is 82.8 units, lower than that of Hsinchu Science Park, but its ecological footprint per capita is 0.201 units, higher than Hsinchu, implying its indicator management has space for improvement. According to the analysis result above, in the science parks, the percentages of high-energy-consuming industries were rather high. It was necessary to encourage development of green industries with low energy consumption and low pollution through industry transformation.     

Application of thresholds of potential concern and limits of acceptable change in the condition assessment of a significant wetland

We propose a framework in which thresholds of potential concern (TPCs) and limits of acceptable change (LACs) are used in concert in the assessment of wetland condition and vulnerability and apply the framework in a case study. The lower Murrumbidgee River floodplain (the ‘Lowbidgee’) is one of the most ecologically important wetlands in Australia and the focus of intense management intervention by State and Federal government agencies. We used a targeted management stakeholder workshop to identify key values that contribute to the ecological significance of the Lowbidgee floodplain, and identified LACs that, if crossed, would signify the loss of significance. We then used conceptual models linking the condition of these values (wetland vegetation communities, waterbirds, fish species and the endangered southern bell frog) to measurable threat indicators, for which we defined a management goal and a TPC. We applied this framework to data collected across 70 wetland storages’, or eco-hydrological units, at the peak of a prolonged drought (2008) and following extensive re-flooding (2010). At the suggestion of water and wetland mangers, we neither aggregated nor integrated indices but reported separately in a series of chloropleth maps. The resulting assessment clearly identified the effect of rewetting in restoring indicators within TPC in most cases, for most storages. The scale of assessment was useful in informing the targeted and timely management intervention and provided a context for retaining and utilising monitoring information in an adaptive management context.     

论我国城市生态园林公墓建设及其发展

随着工业占地的加剧和城市死亡人数的增长,城市公墓建设的不合理问题已非常尖锐,使得城市可用土地面积和人均绿地减少。因此,在我国实施城市生态园林公墓建设已迫在眉睫。本文就此指出了一些当前我国生态园林公墓建设中存在的问题,并提出了几点措施和建议。     

施用污泥的土壤重金属元素有效性的影响因素

污泥农用是解决城市污泥出路较为合理的途径.但由于含较高量的重金属,它的应用受到限制.研究发现,进入土壤的重金属在不同的土壤类型、不同的土壤条件下,形态分布各不相同,而不同形态的重金属对植物的有效性和毒性也不相同,本文试图对土壤中影响重金属形态分布的因素及机制作一综述.     

A novel pretreatment approach for fast determination of organochlorine pesticides in biotic samples

Recent studies have focused on enantiomeric behaviors of chiral organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in biotic matrix because they provide insights into the biotransformation processes of chiral OCPs. In the present paper, a double in-line column chromatographic method was developed to effectively remove the lipid impurity in different biotic samples for clean-up of OCPs. After an initial Soxhlet extraction of OCPs from the biotic samples by a mixture of acetone and dichloromethane (DCM), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was directly added to the extract, and low boiling point solvents (acetone and DCM) were then evaporated. OCPs remained in DMSO were eluted via column 1 filled with silicon gel, and subsequently passed through column 2 packed with 15% deactivated florisil. This novel method was characterized by significant time and solvent savings. The recovery rates of alpha-HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane), beta-HCH, gamma-HCH and delta-HCH were 78.5+/-3.1%, 72.4+/-7.7%, 72+/-4.0% and 70.0+/-8.7%, respectively, and 92.5+/-3.8%, 79.7+/-6.7% and 83.4+/-6.5% for 1,1-dichloro-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4- chlorophenyl) ethylene (o,p'-DDE), 1,1-dichloro-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-chloro phenyl)ethane (o,p'-DDD) and 1,1,1-trichloro-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-chlorophenyl) ethane (o,p'-DDT), separately. In addition, the separation efficiencies of the target compounds by both achiral and chiral gas chromatographic columns were satisfactory using the established method. Therefore, the double in-line column chromatography was a useful alternative method for pretreatment of OCPs in different biotic samples.     

α-环糊精接枝壳聚糖纤维的合成及其对对硝基酚的包合吸附与释放

在氰基硼氢化钠存在的弱酸性条件下将6-去氧-6-甲酰基-α-环糊精接枝到壳聚糖纤维上,制备了α-环糊精接枝壳聚糖纤维.测定了不同温度和时间下,α-环糊精接枝壳聚糖纤维对对硝基酚(PNP)的包合吸附与释放性能,及其包合稳定性常数和热力学参数.结果表明,α-环糊精接枝壳聚糖纤维是一种高效的PNP分离剂,对PNP具有良好的分子识别、包合吸附和释放性能,其PNP包合吸附容量可达到2.93 mg/g,318 K时PNP释放度可达到70%左右,并可反复包合吸附与释放;该包合反应为放热反应,分子间的范德华力起主导作用;包合物的稳定性受温度影响较大,低于298 K时较稳定,318 K时PNP释放达到平衡;在同一温度下,PNP释放度随时间的增加而提高.     

自然灾害风险评估国际计划述评Ⅰ——指标体系

自然灾害风险评估是综合灾害风险管理的关键途径。概述了近年来3个重要的自然灾害风险评估国际计划：灾害风险指标计划（Din）、多发区指标计划（Hotspots）和美洲计划（American Programme）的目标与成果。重点介绍了3个国际计划选取的指标：DRI首次开发了2个脆弱性全球指标;Hotspots发展了3个灾害风险指数;美洲计划开发了4个独立的指标体系,用于描述国家级的灾害风险构成要素,同时,提出城市级的风险评估指标。通过比较3个国际计划选择的指标体系的优缺点,提出选择能全面反映脆弱性和风险特征、计算简便的指标是今后灾害风险评估的关键和重点。     

大气中痕量持久性有机污染物年均值的测定

采用以XAD-2树脂为吸附介质的大气被动采样器,在四川卧龙自然保护区设置6个采样点,进行了为期2年（2005年-2007年）的环境大气样品采集。用气相色谱-高分辨质谱方法对HCB,HCHs,DDTs和PCBs测定。结果表明,平行样品的重现性良好,平均相对偏差为9％。POPs检测下限的范围为1．0pg／m^3-5．9pg／m^3。2年的年均值数据表现出较好的一致性和规律性。以XAD-2树脂为吸附介质的大气被动采样器能够便利地采集进而测定半年或一年污染物的平均浓度,可以经济、有效地获得大气中痕量POPs的年均值。ρ（α—HCH）／ρ（γ-HCH）从成都到卧龙的上升的趋势反映的是传输过程中HCH的降解;而卧龙地区跨年度数据所反映出的ρ（α—HCH）／ρ（γ-HCH）下降趋势,可以归因于林丹的使用。     

河北省观光农业园规划中存在的问题及对策

在调查了河北省多个观光农业园和参考相关资料的基础上,根据观光农业园的功能和景观特点,将河北省的观光农业园主要分为高科技综合型观光农业园、生态休闲度假型观光农业园和特色主题型观光农业园。并针对各观光农业园规划的现状,分析了存在的定位不合理、选址盲目、缺乏景观特色、环境污染严重、服务设施匮乏以及开放时间短等问题,并针对以上问题,提出了规划应合理定位、因地制宜、突出特色、建立节约型观光农业园等相应的对策。