西安城北地区秋季PM_(2.5)中的矿尘颗粒污染特征

采用单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪(Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer,SPAMS)对西安市大气矿尘颗粒物进行连续12 d在线分析,共采集到107 425个同时含有正负质谱信息的矿尘颗粒,矿尘颗粒物占PM_(2.5)样本数的8.44%。结果表明,矿尘颗粒物的正离子碎片成分以Na~+、K~+、Al~+、Ca~+、CaO~+、Fe~+为主,同时还含有Pb~+等,负离子碎片成分以NO~-_2和NO~-_3为主,另外还含有HSO~-_4、SiO~-_3、HSiO~-_3、H(NO_3)~-_2等。在西安市大气细颗粒物中,矿尘颗粒物中贡献较大的几类(如含钙、含铁、铁氧颗粒物等)大多是老化的成分。将观测阶段采集到的矿尘颗粒纳入本地污染源谱进行来源分析,其主要来源为扬尘源、工业源、燃煤源和汽车尾气源等。     

基于qPCR和16S rDNA高通量测序研究蓝藻暴发期间太湖竺山湾水体浮游细菌群落

为了探究浮游细菌和蓝藻暴发之间的关系,利用实时荧光定量PCR和高通量测序技术,对夏季蓝藻暴发期间太湖竺山湾表层水和底泥中浮游细菌群落结构和多样性进行研究。结果表明,从门水平来看,水样和底泥中平均相对丰度最高的为变形菌门,放线菌门次之,此外蓝藻门也有一定的比例,可为水华暴发提供预警指示;从属水平来看,水样中的优势细菌主要为GpXI和GpIIa,底泥中为Gp6和GpIIa。     

钢铁企业烧结工段SO_2监测的主要影响因素及解决方案

针对钢铁企业烧结工段烟气的特点,对可能影响碘量法、定电位电解法SO_2监测结果的因素进行分析,并提出相应的对策。研究表明:定电位电解法受CO干扰较大,根据数学模型修正后,可进行SO_2浓度的快速估算;碘量法受吸收液温度、分析时间等因素影响较大,需要现场监测人员和分析人员严格控制采样和分析条件。     

GC和HPLC测定水中苦味酸的比较

建立了气相色谱法(GC)和高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定水中苦味酸的分析方法,并对2种方法进行比较。GC法检出限为0.000 4 mg/L,线性范围为0.0~0.050 mg/L,加标回收率为92.3%~94.1%,相对标准偏差为4.6%~8.9%。HPLC法检出限为0.02 mg/L,线性范围为0.10~5.00 mg/L,加标回收率为93.7%~96.5%,相对标准偏差为1.3%~2.0%。2种方法相比,GC法灵敏度较高,可用于痕量分析,但操作烦琐,不能有效地将苦味酸与硝基酚类干扰物分离;而HPLC法虽然灵敏度较差些,但简单、快速、稳定性好、准确度高,可有效地将苦味酸与硝基酚类干扰物分离。     

上海市环境监测质量管理规划探讨

针对上海市环境监测行业质量管理工作在宏观管理和微观控制两个方面存在的问题,制定了上海市环境监测质量管理近期和中期规划。建立质量管理信息共享平台和QC指标评定体系,组建质量与技术管理委员会,建立环境质量和污染源连续自动监测系统的QA/QC体系。在全市环境监测行业内建立质量管理考核评价体系和法制保障体系,推进LIMS建设并实现与上海市环境监测中心LIMS的无缝链接,探索构建"上海市水环境监测质量控制平台"。     

北京市PM2.5质量浓度特征及组分化学质量闭合研究

2013年7—9月分2次在北京市朝阳区的4个采样点(来广营、垡头、奥体和建外)进行PM_2.5手工采样,共获得164个有效滤膜样品。以石英滤膜为例,这4个采样点的均值分别为85、94、81、86 μg/m³。数据显示PM_2.5质量浓度呈"南高北低"的特点。化学质量闭合研究表明:碳质组分(OM+EC)和二次无机离子是PM_2.5的主要组成;碳质组分对夏季PM_2.5的质量浓度贡献比较稳定,2次采样对PM_2.5的贡献均在1/3左右,与采样时间和地点无关;二次无机离子的贡献则与采样时间有关,对PM_2.5的贡献在第一和第二次采样时间分别约为30%和20%。4个采样点中,最南端的垡头PM_2.5质量浓度最高,有机颗粒物、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺的质量浓度平均值最高,分别为26、18.2、10.5、5.9 μg/m³。     

臭氧二级传递标准量值传递技术

臭氧(O_3)二级传递标准对O_3三级传递标准进行量值传递,开展了对分析类型、发生类型等不同类型O_3三级传递标准的量值传递实验。分析类型O_3三级传递标准6组校准斜率的相对标准偏差Sm为0.19%、截距的标准偏差SI为0.25 nmol/mol;发生类型O_3三级传递标准6组校准的Sm为0.67%、SI为0.20 nmol/mol,均符合美国环保局O_3二级传递标准量值传递的评价指标:6组多点校准斜率的相对标准偏差Sm≤3.7%,截距的标准偏差SI≤1.5 nmol/mol。进一步对分析类型、发生类型O_3三级传递标准分别进行了6个月的量值传递时间稳定性考察,O_3三级传递标准新的斜率与最近6组斜率均值的比值为0.965~1.037,且新计算的斜率的相对标准偏差Sm为0.37%~1.87%,截距的标准偏差SI为0.20~0.52 nmol/mol,均符合美国环保局量值传递评价指标的要求,建议至少每6个月采用O_3二级传递标准开展一次量值传递。     

A study of assessment indicators for environmental sustainable development of science parks in Taiwan

This study adopted the ecological footprint calculation structure to calculate the ecological footprints of the three major science parks in Taiwan from 2008 to 2010. The result shows that the ecological footprints of the Hsinchu Science Park, the Central Taiwan Science Park, and the Southern Taiwan Science Park were about 3.964, 2.970, and 4.165 ha per capita. The ecological footprint (EF) of the Central Taiwan Science Park was the lowest, meaning that the influence of the daily operations in the Central Taiwan Science Park on the environment was rather low. Secondly, the population density was relatively high, and the EF was not the highest of the Hsinchu Science Park, meaning that, while consuming ecological resources, the environmental management done was effective. In addition, the population density in Southern Taiwan Science Park is 82.8 units, lower than that of Hsinchu Science Park, but its ecological footprint per capita is 0.201 units, higher than Hsinchu, implying its indicator management has space for improvement. According to the analysis result above, in the science parks, the percentages of high-energy-consuming industries were rather high. It was necessary to encourage development of green industries with low energy consumption and low pollution through industry transformation.     

Application of thresholds of potential concern and limits of acceptable change in the condition assessment of a significant wetland

We propose a framework in which thresholds of potential concern (TPCs) and limits of acceptable change (LACs) are used in concert in the assessment of wetland condition and vulnerability and apply the framework in a case study. The lower Murrumbidgee River floodplain (the ‘Lowbidgee’) is one of the most ecologically important wetlands in Australia and the focus of intense management intervention by State and Federal government agencies. We used a targeted management stakeholder workshop to identify key values that contribute to the ecological significance of the Lowbidgee floodplain, and identified LACs that, if crossed, would signify the loss of significance. We then used conceptual models linking the condition of these values (wetland vegetation communities, waterbirds, fish species and the endangered southern bell frog) to measurable threat indicators, for which we defined a management goal and a TPC. We applied this framework to data collected across 70 wetland storages’, or eco-hydrological units, at the peak of a prolonged drought (2008) and following extensive re-flooding (2010). At the suggestion of water and wetland mangers, we neither aggregated nor integrated indices but reported separately in a series of chloropleth maps. The resulting assessment clearly identified the effect of rewetting in restoring indicators within TPC in most cases, for most storages. The scale of assessment was useful in informing the targeted and timely management intervention and provided a context for retaining and utilising monitoring information in an adaptive management context.     

论我国城市生态园林公墓建设及其发展

随着工业占地的加剧和城市死亡人数的增长,城市公墓建设的不合理问题已非常尖锐,使得城市可用土地面积和人均绿地减少。因此,在我国实施城市生态园林公墓建设已迫在眉睫。本文就此指出了一些当前我国生态园林公墓建设中存在的问题,并提出了几点措施和建议。