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71.
The plant surface is the substrate upon which herbivorous insects and natural enemies meet and thus represents the stage for
interactions between the three trophic levels. Plant surfaces are covered by an epicuticular wax layer which is highly variable
depending on species, cultivar or plant part. Differences in wax chemistry may modulate ecological interactions. We explored
whether caterpillars of Spodoptera frugiperda, when walking over a plant surface, leave a chemical trail (kairomones) that can be detected by the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris. Chemistry and micromorphology of cuticular waxes of two barley eceriferum wax mutants (cer-za.126, cer-yp.949) and wild-type cv. Bonus (wt) were assessed. The plants were then used to investigate potential surface effects on
the detectability of caterpillar kairomones. Here we provide evidence that C. marginiventris responds to chemical footprints of its host. Parasitoids were able to detect the kairomone on wild-type plants and on both
cer mutants but the response to cer-yp.949 (reduced wax, high aldehyde fraction) was less pronounced. Experiments with caterpillar-treated wt and mutant leaves
offered simultaneously, confirmed this observation: no difference in wasp response was found when wt was tested against cer-za.126 (reduced wax, wt-like chemical composition) but wt was significantly more attractive than cer-yp.949. This demonstrates for the first time that the wax layer can modulate the detectability of host kairomones. 相似文献
72.
Ben Vanpeperstraete Sébastien Duyck Medani P. Bhandari Janis Brizga Leida Rijnhout Sylvia Lorek A. Peter Castro Chiung Ting Chang Herman Daly Robert J. Didham Gianluca Ferraro Oliver Greenfield Ashok Khosla Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker Birgit Lode Simon Miles Henrique Pacini Semida Silveira Leisa Perch Jaap Rijnsburger Mukul Sanwal Sameera Savarala S. Jacob Scherr Kallidaikurichi E. Seetharam A.M.M. Adeeb Donna Shepherd Adrian Smith Lisinka Ulatowska Alice Vincent Werner John 《Natural resources forum》2011,35(4):334-342
73.
Ulrich Liebenthal Sebastian Linnenberg Jochen Oexmann Alfons Kather 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2011,5(5):1232-1239
When integrating a post-combustion CO2 capture process and CO2 compression into a steam power plant, the three interface quantities heat, electricity and cooling duty must be satisfied by the power plant, leading to a loss in net efficiency. The heat duty shows to be the largest contributor to the overall net efficiency penalty of the power plant. Additional energy penalty results from the cooling and electric power duty of the capture and compression units.In this work, the dependency of the energy penalty on the quantity and quality of the heat duty is analyzed and quantified for a state-of-the-art hard coal fired power plant. Furthermore, the energy penalty attributed to the additional cooling and power duty is quantified. As a result correlations are provided which enable to predict the impact of the heat, cooling and electricity duty of post-combustion CO2 capture processes on the net output of a steam power plant in a holistic approach. 相似文献
74.
We present a new system for microscopic multicolour variable chlorophyll fluorescence imaging of aquatic phototrophs. The
system is compact and portable and enables microscopic imaging of photosynthetic performance of individual cells and chloroplasts
using different combinations of blue, green, red or white light. Automated sequential exposure of microscopic samples to the
three excitation colours enables subsequent deconvolution of the resulting fluorescence signals and colour marking of cells
with different photopigmentation, i.e., cyanobacteria, green algae, red algae and diatoms. The photosynthetic activity in
complex mixtures of phototrophs and natural samples can thus be assigned to different types of phototrophs, which can be quantified
simultaneously. Here, we describe the composition and performance of the new imaging system and present applications with
both natural phytoplankton and microalgal culture samples. 相似文献
75.
Sander Bruun Trine Lund Hansen Thomas H. Christensen Jakob Magid Lars S. Jensen 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2006,11(3):251-265
Source separation, composting and anaerobic digestion, with associated land application, are increasingly being considered
as alternative waste management strategies to landfilling and incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW). Environmental life
cycle assessments are a useful tool in political decision-making about waste management strategies. However, due to the diversity
of processed organic MSW and the situations in which it can be applied, the environmental impacts of land application are
very hard to determine by experimental means. In the current study, we used the agroecosystem model Daisy to simulate a range
of different scenarios representing different geographical areas, farm and soil types under Danish conditions and legislation.
Generally, the application of processed organic MSW resulted in increased emissions compared with the corresponding standard
scenarios, but with large differences between scenarios. Emission coefficients for nitrogen leaching to the groundwater ranged
from 0.03 to 0.87, while those for nitrogen lost to surface waters through tile drains ranged from 0 to 0.30. Emission coefficients
for N2O formation ranged from 0.013 to 0.022 and for ammonia volatilization from 0.016 to 0.11. These estimates are within reasonable
range of observed values under similar conditions. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis showed that the estimates were not
very sensitive to the mineralization dynamics of the processed organic MSW. The results show that agroecosystem models can
be powerful tools to estimate the environmental impacts of land application of processed MSW under different conditions. Despite
this, agroecosystem models have only been used to a very limited degree for this purpose. 相似文献
76.
Weise Katrin Kurth Thomas Politowski Irina Winkelmann Carola Schäffer Andreas Kretschmar Susanne Berendonk Thomas Ulrich Jungmann Dirk 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(18):26706-26725
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Although the development and application of nanomaterials is a growing industry, little data is available on the ecotoxicological effects on aquatic... 相似文献
77.
Tolosa Imma Huertas David Choyke Sarah Sander Sylvia Aminot Yann 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(42):59345-59357
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Two different sample preparation protocols for the determination of 37 emerging and historical halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) in marine tissues... 相似文献
78.
Athlua B. Attygalle Karla Jessen Hans-Jürgen Bestmann Alfred Buschinger Ulrich Maschwitz 《Chemoecology》1996,7(1):8-12
Summary Gas chromatographic analyses of volatizable material from gaster intersegmental complex glands ofP. tridentata revealed the presence of linoleic acid, palmitic acid, methyl oleate, and several long-chain hydrocarbons as major constituents, which form an oily fluid mixture. The nest relocation communication ofP. tridentata is tandem running. Tandem following is mediated by pheromones as demonstrated by dummy experiments with isolated gasters and thoraces and with glass balls. The secretions of all gaster complex glands, as well as hind gut contents and metapleural gland secretions, were unable to evoke tandem following. Morphology and position of the glands, lack of pheromonal function, oily properties, low volatility, and lack of antibiotic effects of these secretions strongly suggest a function as lubricants for the ants' gastral segments. 相似文献
79.
80.
Complement is a physiological constituent of bloodplasma. In its activated state complement is able to stimulate various cells for special performance, e.g., monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, platelets, but also T- and B-lymphocytes. The biological functions of the complement system cover the following areas: induction of inflammation, defence against microbial infections, handling of immune complexes, and modulation of the immune response. 相似文献