青岛市餐厨垃圾现状调查及分析

通过问卷与实地跟踪形式调查青岛市4个主城区餐厨垃圾现状并提出关于餐厨垃圾管理和处置的建议,力求为该市餐厨垃圾的资源化利用提供参考.调查结果显示:餐厨垃圾产量为265.00 t/d,含水率为74.93％、含油率为6.06％、营养物为12.22％(质量分数);54.4％的调查餐饮单位将餐厨垃圾分为剩饭菜、废油和生活垃圾3类排放,需进一步加强餐厨垃圾分类放置的管理工作;所调查餐饮单位中有64.4％的剩饭菜、54.3％的废油由政府统一收运,统一收运率有待进一步提高;正规回收的餐厨垃圾为197.66 t/d,被用于堆肥或进行填埋处置.     

木屑处置漏油事故的室内模拟

用锯木屑作为吸附材料,0#柴油为吸附对象进行室内模拟实验,研究了木屑对纯油、水中浮油的吸附以及吸油后的木屑在水中的漂浮性能;并以木屑粒径、木屑投加量、振荡频率、油膜厚度为研究指标,设计了5因素4水平的正交实验,考察了各因素对0#柴油的吸附量、去除率以及木屑漂浮率的影响并对优化条件进行了讨论。结果表明,在实验研究范围内,木屑对水中柴油的吸附速度极快,1min即可达到饱和,饱和吸附量为8．08g／g;木屑在水中漂浮性能良好,静态时经72h漂浮,漂浮率维持在92％左右;振荡频率为150r／min时,72h内漂浮率维持在68％以上;最佳吸油条件组合为吸附剂粒径10～20目,振荡频率120r／min,木屑投加量0．7g,油膜厚度1．65mm。     

混凝辅助电化学法处理橙黄G染料废水

以石墨板为阳极,研究了电化学氧化法对橙黄G染料废水的降解效果。比较了在NaCl、Na2 SO4以及NaCl与FeSO4·7H2O组合的支持电解质体系中的处理效果,同时考察了电压、初始pH、电解质浓度、电极间距和电解时间等因素对废水中橙黄G脱色率及COD去除率的影响。研究结果表明,橙黄G的脱色主要是活性氯的氧化作用,橙黄G分子的矿化可能主要是电解过程中产生的·OH的作用,FeSO4·7H2O的加入增加了混凝作用,使得处理效果进一步提高。最佳脱色条件下橙黄G脱色率和COD的去除率分别为97．6％和56．3％,B／C（BOD／COD）由0．09提高至0．41,可生化性有较大改善,并且随着降解时间的增加,COD去除率逐渐升高。此结果表明,橙黄G废水COD的去除相对于脱色存在滞后性。     

磁性埃洛石对水溶液中盐酸土霉素的吸附

采用一种简便的方法对埃洛石纳米管进行加磁,得到的磁性埃洛石纳米管（MHNTs）利用x射线衍射仪（XRD）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、振动样品磁强计（VSM）和原子吸收光谱仪（AAS）进行表征,结果表明,MHNTs具有很强的磁性性能（Ms=34．02emu／g）以及较低损失磁性粒子的性能。制备的MHNTs作为吸附剂吸附水溶液中的盐酸土霉素,并且探索反应温度、溶液pH和起始浓度等对MHNTs吸附盐酸土霉素性能的影响。研究表明,Langmuir等温线模型更优于Freundlich等温线模型,其动力学的研究结果利用拟二阶方程能够很好地进行说明。此外,MHNTs作为吸附剂经过3次的重复使用吸附能力没有明显的降低。     

烟气脱硝技术及在我国的应用

氮氧化物气体是危害最大、最难处理的大气污染物之一。随着经济的发展,有效控制燃煤造成的大气污染已经刻不容缓,特别是控制燃煤过程中的氮氧化物,烟气脱硝技术显得相当重要。本文分析了几种常用的烟气脱硝技术（选择性催化还原脱硝技术、选择性非催化还原脱硝技术、碱性溶液吸收法和等离子体活化法等）的原理、技术特点以及在我国的应用情况。     

Recycling MSWI bottom and fly ash as raw materials for Portland cement

Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) ash is rich in heavy metals and salts. The disposal of MSWI ash without proper treatment may cause serious environmental problems. Recently, the local cement industry in Taiwan has played an important role in the management of solid wastes because it can utilize various kinds of wastes as either fuels or raw materials. The objective of this study is to assess the possibility of MSWI ash reuse as a raw material for cement production. The ash was first washed with water and acid to remove the chlorides, which could cause serious corrosion in the cement kiln. Various amounts of pre-washed ash were added to replace the clay component of the raw materials for cement production. The allowable limits of chloride in the fly ash and bottom ash were found to be 1.75% and 3.50% respectively. The results indicate that cement production can be a feasible alternative for MSWI ash management. It is also evident that the addition of either fly ash or bottom ash did not have any effect on the compressive strength of the clinker. Cement products conformed to the Chinese National Standard (CNS) of Type II Portland cement with one exception, the setting time of the clinker was much longer.     

Influence of Technological Process on Biodegradation of PVA/Waxy Starch Blends in an Aerobic and Anaerobic Environment

Improving biodegradability of PVA/starch blends is a reality already documented by a number of works. Admittedly, mechanical properties of products (for example, tensile strength) are somewhat worse, but suitable composition optimizing or chemical modifying of starch may eliminate the problem to a large degree. This work is an attempt to find another potential effect influencing biodegradability, that of technological procedure for producing films from these blends on an extruder. The procedure with a so-called pre-extrusion step (two-stage) and dry-blend (single-stage) produced blends of slightest differences in achieved biodegradability (virtually within limits of experimental error) in aerobic (76 vs. 79%) as well as anaerobic breakdown (48 vs. 52%). Conversely, morphological analysis exhibited superior homogeneity of films prepared by the two-stage process; their tensile strength was also higher.     

聚四氟乙烯高压密封罐消解样品测定五氧化二钒

利用聚四氟乙烯高压密封罐消解矿石样品测定五氧化二钒,具有操作手续相对简便、轻松、快捷等优点,与传统的硫酸－磷酸混合酸消解或采用碱熔融前处理法比较,相对误差小于１．６％,样品的添加标准回收率为９２．９％～１０３．５％。     

A complex investigation of the extent of pollution in sediments of the Sava River. Part 1: Selected elements

The Sava River is the biggest tributary to the Danube River. As a part of the 6th FW EU project, Sava River Basin: Sustainable Use, Management and Protection of Resources (SARIB), ecological status of sediments was investigated. In order to assess the geographical distribution in sediment contamination of the Sava River, inorganic and persistent organic pollutants were analyzed in sediments at 20 selected sampling sites along the Sava River from its spring to its outfall into the Danube River. For comparability of data to other river basins the sediment fraction below 63 μm was studied. Due to complexity of the work performed, the results are published separately (“Part I: Selected elements” and “Part II: Persistent organic pollutants”). In the present study, the extent of pollution was estimated by determination of the total element concentrations and by the identification of the most hazardous highly mobile element fractions and anthropogenic inputs of elements to sediments. To assess the mobile metal fraction extraction in 0.11 mol L^???1, acetic acid was performed (first step of the Community Bureau of Reference extraction procedure), while anthropogenic inputs of elements were estimated on the basis of normalization to aluminum (Al) concentration. According to the Water Framework Directive, the following elements were investigated in sediments: cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), and mercury (Hg). Furthermore, copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), and phosphorous (P) were determined. The analyses of sediments demonstrated slightly elevated values for Hg, Cr, and Ni in industrially exposed sites (concentrations up to 0.6, 380, and 210 mg kg^???1, respectively). However, the latter two elements exist in sparingly soluble forms and therefore do not represent an environmental burden. P concentrations were found in elevated concentrations at agricultural areas and big cities (up to 1,000 mg kg^???1).