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191.
Nudibranchs (Mollusca, Gastropoda) feeding on tentacles and polyps of Cnidaria thereby ingest both latent and discharged nematocysts
(NCs) along with the food mass. In eolid nudibranchs (Opisthobranchia, Aeolidacea), many of the undischarged NCs are transported
to terminal cnidosacs in their body appendages (cerata) and incorporated as kleptocnidae for defense. In the present report,
the occurrence and fate of NCs in the digestive tracts of eolids is compared with hydrozoan-feeding dendronotacean nudibranchs
(Opisthobranchia, Dendronotacea), which may show more basic stages in the evolution of cnidosacs. Tomographic reconstructions
of the distal tips of cerata were composed from series of semithin light microscopic sections, utilizing 3D-surface rendering
software. Doto acuta (Dendronotacea, Dotidae) does not have cnidosacs; transmission electron micrographs show that the NCs are digested in lysosomes
of digestive gland cells. In contrast, species of the genus Hancockia (Dendronotacea, Hancockiidae) have several small cnidosacs in each ceras; they accumulate NCs in the digestive cells, as
well as in the cnidosacs. Many of the cnidosacs were found open to the exterior with NCs in the process of expulsion. These
and other structural details suggest assigning a function of expelling the NCs to the Hancockia spp. cnidosacs. It is proposed that cnidosacs similar to those of Hancockia spp. provide a clue to understanding how the defensive function of eolid cnidosacs may have evolved.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
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W. Schröder 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1968,55(11):542-542
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Peter Schröder Lyudmila Lyubenova Christian Huber 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(7):795-804
Background, aim and scope
Mixed pollution with trace elements and organic industrial compounds is characteristic for many spill areas and dumping sites. The danger for the environment and human health from such sites is large, and sustainable remediation strategies are urgently needed. Phytoremediation seems to be a cheap and environmentally sound option for the removal of unwanted compounds, and the hyperaccumulation of trace elements and toxic metals is seemingly independent from the metabolism of organic xenobiotics. However, stress reactions, ROS formation and depletion of antioxidants will also cause alterations in xenobiotic detoxification. Here, we investigate the capability of plants to detoxify chlorophenols via glutathione conjugation in a mixed pollution situation. 相似文献198.
W.?E.?G.?MüllerEmail author M.?Klemt N.?L.?Thakur H.?C.?Schr?der A.?Aiello M.?D'Esposito M.?Menna E.?Fattorusso 《Marine Biology》2004,144(1):19-29
Sponges (Porifera) represent the evolutionary oldest metazoan phylum still extant today. They have developed a complex Bauplan, based on the existence of structural and regulatory molecules; many of these have been cloned and analyzed in the past years. The demosponge Suberites domuncula has been used as a suitable model to demonstrate that these animals not only possess an adaptive immune response on the level of cytokines, but also, as pointed out here, on the level of synthesis of bioactive alkyl-lipid derivatives. From specimens of S. domuncula the two lyso-PAF (platelet-activating factor) compounds, 1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1-O-octadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, have been identified and characterized. These two lyso-PAFs showed pronounced anti-bacterial activity. In the central part of this paper it is shown that the level of synthesis of the lyso-PAF congeners increased in response to the model compound, the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Treatment of the tissue with LPS for 72 h substantially increased the synthesis. In order to prove that the lyso-PAFs are really synthesized by the sponge, the key enzyme of the alkyl-dihydroxyacetonephosphate pathway, i.e. alkyl-dihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase (ADS), was cloned from S. domuncula. This sponge enzyme comprises the characteristic features of metazoan ADS enzymes; it is increasingly expressed in the tissue and in the in vitro cell culture system after exposure to LPS. These data are taken as a strong indication that bioactive, low-molecular weight, non-proteinaceous lipid derivatives function in an adaptive manner in response to the endotoxin.Communicated by R. Cattaneo-Vietti, Genova 相似文献
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Winfried Schröder Gunther Schmidt Judith Hasenclever 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2005,17(2):94-105