Ökotoxikologische und humantoxikologische Risikobewertung PAK-belasteter Böden vor und nach biologischer Behandlung

The goal of the present work is to assess the adverse effects of soil bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) which remain in soils after biological remediation. We focus on risk assessment for mammalian species with respect to the oral uptake of contaminated soil particles and compare the results of a biomarker test with those of an ecotoxicological assay, the bioluminescence inhibition test withVibrio fischeri. As a biomarker effect in mammals, we determined the liver microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP1A1 which is induced by PAH in exposed rats. After biological soil treatment, different amounts of PAH remain in the soil depending on the soil properties and initial pollutant composition. Particularly, higher condensated PAH resists biological treatment due to its hydrophobicity. In addition, high amounts of organic carbon in the soils affect remediation efficiency. In the bioluminescence inhibition test, eluates of all biologically treated soils studied do not reveal any or only low inhibitory effects. In contrast, the oral uptake of biologically treated contaminated soils leads to induction levels for CYP1A1 similar to those in the untreated samples. A good correlation is obtained between CYP1A1 levels and the amount of 5 and 6-ring PAH in the soil samples. The main result is that the remediation efficiency determined by the luminescence test is not reflected by the biomarker test, a finding which indicates the high bioavailability of residual PAH in soils. Consequently, new criteria for human risk assessment can be delineated.     

基于SHERPA的环境空气质量减排情景模拟评估

分析了SHERPA综合评价模型的基本原理和主要建模理念,重点介绍了其在环境空气质量减排情景模拟评估方面的作用,以及在排放源与受体关系(SRR)方面的处理方法,比较了其与欧盟常用的其他情景模拟模型的优缺点。SHERPA模型的特点是空间灵活性较好,对于任何给定地点,可以快速评估不同地区对该研究地点空气质量的影响。SHERPA模型的3个主要功能为污染物来源分析、决策支持和情景模拟。基于SHERPA模型对法国环境空气中PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和NO_2年均浓度进行污染来源分析、决策支持分析和减排情景模拟评估,展示了模型在环境治理措施优先级筛选和政府间联合治理措施协调建议方面的功能和作用,以期为中国环境空气质量预测预报、环境质量管理措施的制定和成效评估等环境服务与管理工作提供借鉴。     

松花江野生鱼类重金属残留分析与评价

以松花江流域的野生鱼类为研究对象,在松花江流域选取松林、大顶子山、佳木斯3个具有代表性的点位,在2014—2016年的每年5月底6月初采集鲤鱼和鲫鱼样品,3年内共制备45个鲤鱼单样,44个鲤鱼混样,30个鲫鱼混样,共计119个。采用电感耦合等离子体-质谱法对鱼类肌肉组织中残留的As、Cd、Cr、Pb、Hg 5种重金属进行检测。检测结果显示,As、Cd、Cr、Pb、Hg 5种重金属全部检出,检测结果全部达标,达标率为100%。根据检测结果采用单因子指数法和金属污染指数法等评价了松花江流域鱼体重金属残留状况及食用安全性,评价结果为松花江流域鱼类重金属残留量相对较少,鱼体健康,食用安全。     

衡阳市区和衡山背景站臭氧浓度变化规律的对比分析

选取衡阳市区和衡山背景站臭氧自动监测数据,分析两地的臭氧污染特征。对空气质量的优良率情况、臭氧作为首要污染物的变化情况、臭氧浓度的日变化特征、典型时段的浓度变化特征、臭氧浓度的月际变化特征和臭氧与PM_(2.5)的关联情况等进行了分析。结果表明,多云及阴雨天气时,衡阳市区的臭氧浓度日变化幅度大于衡山背景站。夏季,衡阳市区和衡山背景站的臭氧浓度的日变化特征规律差异较大,臭氧浓度分布比较分散,前者为典型的单峰形,后者则波动平缓。冬季,日变化幅度不大,但衡阳市区的臭氧浓度明显低于衡山背景站。衡山背景站和衡阳市区的臭氧基本同步变化,但日均值高于衡阳市区。     

2000～2015年山地城市土地利用景观格局动态演变研究——以重庆市渝北区为例

以重庆市渝北区为例,借助地理信息系统和遥感手段,利用Landsat TM 遥感数据和DEM数据,采用景观指数分析、地形位指数和分布指数等计算方法,对渝北区 2000、2005、2010 和 2015 年土地利用景观格局变化特征进行了分析,着重探讨了不同地形、坡度下各种景观类型变化情况,以及它们之间的相互关系,以期为在相似条件下的城市最佳土地利用模式选择提供一定的借鉴和参考。结果表明：（1）渝北区土地资源以中、高级地形位为主,海拔 200 m 以下,坡度6°以下的土地资源比较匮乏;（2）渝北区主要的景观类型是耕地和林地,但耕地景观总的趋势是不断减少,林地不断增加,建设用地增长较快,总体上景观破碎化程度在增加,景观多样性呈上升趋势;（3）研究期内,中低级地形位区间内大量耕地转变为建设用地,林地、草地景观面积的分布趋势随着地形位指数成正相关关系,其优势地形位主要集中于高级别地形位区间。     

气候变化对江汉平原调水格局的影响

江汉平原水利工程密布,大型调水工程对流域用水格局产生很大影响。气候变化同时会影响调水工程调入调出区供需水情况,从而影响流域的水资源的分配。梳理了江汉平原主要调水工程,重点围绕南水北调中线工程与引江济汉工程的规划设计指标及实际运营状况,分析江汉平原潜在的用水矛盾。此外,在未来气候变化情景下,随着干旱时长和频次增加,会导致各调水工程抽水引水成本提高,从而加剧江汉平原用水矛盾。结果表明:(1)从工程设计和运行来看,南水北调中线工程达到调水设计后,引江济汉工程在保证汉江下游用水需求上受限可能性很大;(2)引江济汉工程自运行以来,虽未有较长时间的泵站抽水引水,但就2018年的泵站抽水引水成本来看已经达到运行总经费的30%。如果引江济汉工程引水口长江水位下降,自流引水受限,使用泵站抽水引水时长及频率将会增加,会导致引水费用进一步增加;(3)"南水北调中线"、"引汉济渭"、"鄂北水资源配置"工程,再叠加汉江中下游生产生活用水,如遇枯水年份,汉江水资源配置会产生很大的矛盾,对汉江流域及汉江生态经济带发展将产生影响。     

膨润土吸附水中有机污染物的应用进展

论述了膨润土的吸附机理,介绍了膨润土的物理及化学改性方法及其对有机染料废水,焦化废水,烟草废水,煤泥水,含酚类、石油烃类、抗生素废水及微污染水等的处理效果。针对膨润土作为环保吸附剂存在的问题指出了今后的研究方向:1)将研究成果应用于实际废水;2)研究环境友好且效果好的改性工艺及材料;3)研究新的吸附剂制备形式;4)加大膨润土在废气处理上的研究力度;5)研制吸附效果更佳且能处理复杂成分污水的新型复合吸附剂。     

Biodegradation of Poly(Aspartic Acid-Itaconic Acid) Copolymers by Miscellaneous Microbes from Natural Water

Poly(aspartic acid-itaconic acid) copolymers (PAI) is a new scale inhibitor for water treatment. Thus, it is necessary to investigate its biodegradability. The biodegradability of PAI was investigated through CO₂ evolution tests under different conditions based on determination of carbon dioxide production. The investigation results showed that the degradation rate of PAI on day 10 and day 28 were respectively 38.7 and 79.5%, indicating that PAI was one kind of easily biodegradable scale inhibitors. With the increase in the content of itaconic acid in copolymerization process, the biodegradability of PAI was significantly reduced. In addition, the high biodegradability might be attributed to the existence of C–N bone-structure and more –COO–. Finally, Cu²⁺ could decrease the degradation percentage and the enzyme inhibition effect of Cu²⁺ was not the linear effect, but the “low-dosage effect”.     

Morphology,pore size distribution,and nutrient characteristics in biochars under different pyrolysis temperatures and atmospheres

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - To evaluate the agronomic potential of biochar, we prepared a series of biochars using rice straw waste under the limited oxygen cracking condition...     

Highly efficient conversion of sugarcane bagasse pretreated with liquid hot water into ethanol at high solid loading

Liquid hot water (LHW), an environmental-friendly physico-chemical treatment, was applied to pretreat the sugarcane bagasse (SCB). Tween80, a non-ionic surfactant, was used to enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated SCB. It found that 0.125 mL Tween80 /g dry matter could make the maximum increase (33.2%) of the glycan conversion of the LHW-pretreated SCB. A self-designed laboratory facility with a plate-and-frame impeller was applied to conduct batch hydrolysis, fed-batch hydrolysis, and the process of high-temperature (50°C) fed-batch hydrolysis following low-temperature (30°C) simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) which was adopted to overcome the incompatible optimum temperature of saccharification and fermentation in the SSF process. After hydrolyzing LHW-pretreated SCB for 120 h with commercial cellulase, the total sugar concentration and glycan conversion obtained from fed-batch hydrolysis were 91.6 g/L and 68.3%, respectively, which were 9.7 g/L and 7.3% higher than those obtained from batch hydrolysis. With Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y2034 fermenting under the non-sterile condition, the ethanol production and theoretical yield obtained from the process of SSF after fed-batch hydrolysis were 55.4 g/L and 88.3% for 72h, respectively, which were 15.5 g/L and 24.7% higher than those from separate fed-batch hydrolysis and fermentation. The result of this work was superior to the reported results obtained from the LHW-pretreated SCB.