高含固厌氧消化污泥流变特性

采用完全混合式反应器R1、R2和R3(搅拌频率分别设为不搅拌、每10 min转动5 min和每10 min转动8min),在序批式运行的状态下,考察了不同搅拌频率对高含固厌氧消化过程中污泥流变特性的影响,探究了污泥表观黏度降低的主要原因以及污泥流变特性与各项物化指标的关系。结果表明,各个反应器消化污泥表观黏度μ值在发酵的前4天均出现大幅降低,下降幅度依次达到73.3%、77.8%和80.0%,从厌氧装置设计和运行的角度来看,脱水污泥高含固厌氧消化具有可行性。各反应器消化污泥的含固率(total solid,TS)以及挥发性固体(volatile solid,VS)占TS的比例VS/TS与表观黏度μ值以及稠度系数K值呈现显著性的指数关系,而污泥颗粒中胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substance,EPS)的含量与污泥表观黏度之间的相关关系则较弱。厌氧消化的初始阶段,微生物(主要是水解菌与产酸菌)的作用是污泥黏度急剧降低的主要原因。     

Evaluation of hazardous airborne carbonyls on a university campus in southern China

A comprehensive assessment of indoor carbonyl compounds for the academic staff, workers, and students was conducted on a university campus in Xiamen, China. A total of 15 representative environment categories, including 12 indoor workplaces and three residential units, were selected. The potential indoor pollution sources were identified based on the variability in the molar compositions and correlation analyses for the target carbonyls. Furnishing materials, cooking emissions, and electronic equipment, such as photocopiers, can generate various carbonyls in the workplace. Comparison studies were conducted in the clerical offices, demonstrating that off-gases from wooden furniture and lacquer coatings, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), and the use of cleaning reagents elevated the indoor carbonyl levels. The measured concentrations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in most locations surpassed the exposure limit levels. The lifetime cancer hazard risk (R) associated with formaldehyde was above the concern risk level (1 × 10^?6) in all of the workplaces. The results indicate that formaldehyde exposure is a valid occupational health and safety concern. Wooden furniture and refurbishing materials can pose serious health threats to occupants. The information in this study could act as a basis for future indoor air quality monitoring in Mainland China.

Implications:A university campus represents a microscale city environment consisting of all the working, living, and commercial needs of staff and students. The scope of this investigation covers 21 hazardous carbonyl species based on samples collected from 15 categories of workplaces and residential building in a university campus in southern China. Findings of the study provide a comprehensive assessment of indoor air quality with regards to workers’ health and safety. No similar study has been carried out in China.     

复合改性海泡石同步处理废水中的氮磷

采用盐热和稀土掺杂制备复合改性海泡石,研究了复合改性海泡石对废水中N、P的吸附特征和去除效果。结果表明,与海泡石原矿粉比较,复合改性海泡石的脱氮除磷能力分别提高49.71%和90.14%;复合改性海泡石对N、P的吸附可以用Langmuir吸附模型描述,获得的最大吸附量分别为1.165和1.121 mg/g;修正的Elovich模型能较好地描述复合改性海泡石吸附N、P的动力学过程;用NaOH溶液可以再生吸附材料,获得较好的脱氮除磷效果,再生次数以2次为宜;用复合改性海泡石处理污水处理站的二级生化出水,最终出水的pH、N和P含量均达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》的要求。     

酵母细胞对溶液中Co~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的生物富集

利用野生型酿酒酵母菌株及七基因缺失突变型酵母菌株,研究了不同基因型酵母株在不同的活性状态下对重金属Co2+和Cd2+的富集。结果显示,在磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)中,酵母处于生长基本停止状态,两种酵母菌株都对Co2+和Cd2+表现出比较强的被动吸附能力,但野生型酵母的富集效率优于七基因缺失突变酵母株。说明酵母在PBS中对重金属的富集主要是依靠被动吸附机制,且与细胞的表面结构有关。在限制性培养基中,酵母的生长状态较好,野生型酵母对Co2+表现出了较好的主动富集现象,并且在暴露96 h时达到富集高峰,而七基因缺失突变酵母株中的含量随时间推移变化不大。在对Cd2+的富集过程中,七基因缺失突变型酵母表现出较野生型酵母更快速富集的效果。研究结果为利用酵母富集环境中重金属的实际应用提供了新的参考数据,提示对于不同环境下的不同毒性的重金属离子,可以采取不同的富集方法,针对性地设计应用方案。     

猪场废水处理中的沼气热电联产工程案例分析

中高浓度畜禽废水处理中的沼气热电联产是保障沼气工程常年稳定运行的有效手段.以典型猪场废水处理沼气热电联产工程为案例,在工程介绍的前提下,引入相关数学模型,对沼气热电联产相关工艺参数进行了计算分析,结果表明,该工程沼气产量最高为1 678 m3/d,沼气发电机组发电效率为31.3％,发热效率为38.8％,总发电效率为70.1％,该沼气工程投资回报期为3.6年;CSTR厌氧罐秋季可达温度为24.3℃,冬季为15.9℃,CSTR厌氧罐内温度分布为秋季罐内平均温度(T)5.4(换热器顶部温度)=25.4℃,平均温度梯度grad1=1.83℃/m,grad2=0.80℃/m;冬季(T)5.4=19.6℃,(grad)1=1.44℃/m,(grad)2=1.06℃/m;通过参数分析,搅拌器宜尽可能置于换热器所在区域,并控制进水量稳定以保证CSTR厌氧罐的消化效果.     

运行条件及温度对陈垃圾反应器效能的影响及菌群结构分析

以上海老港填埋场填埋垃圾为填料构建陈垃圾反应器,通过调节反应器的水力负荷、回流比以及所处的环境温度,考察了反应器对成熟垃圾渗滤液中氨氮(NH3-N)、总氮(TN)、BOD5和COD处理效果的影响,同时采用PCR-DGGE方法分析了不同条件下微生物群落结构的变化。结果表明,在15℃温度下,水力负荷由8.5 L/(m3·d)升高至17 L/(m3·d)时,反应器对污染物BOD5和NH3-N的去除效率没有改变,而对COD和TN的去除效率有明显提升;当增加回流时,反应器对污染物的去除效果没有显著差异,未能提高脱氮效率;当环境温度从15℃提高到30℃时,NH3-N和BOD5接近完全去除,COD的去除率从73.1%提高到82.4%,TN的去除率从27.3%提高到43.7%,明显提高了反应器效能。群落结构分析表明,在本研究条件下增加回流比对反应器中细菌群落结构影响不大;提高水力负荷使得上部群落结构多样性提高;而温度提高时,反应器上、下部细菌的种类数量都明显增加,多样性提高。表明在陈垃圾反应器运行时,环境温度对其效能和群落结构的影响较大。     

玉米芯为碳源固定化硫酸盐还原菌污泥代谢特性

以聚乙烯醇为包埋载体,饱和硼酸为交联剂,制作了玉米芯为内聚缓释碳源的固定化硫酸盐还原菌污泥颗粒。通过厌氧批实验研究了在模拟酸性矿山废水(AMD)条件下玉米芯含量、初始SO2-4和Mn2+负荷以及p H对固定化颗粒代谢特性的影响,初步分析了固定化颗粒处理AMD的机理及可行性。实验结果表明,玉米芯在微生物作用下快速水解并产生有机物累积后,固定化颗粒才能迅速还原SO2-4,且玉米芯含量≤5%时硫酸盐还原率与玉米芯含量成正相关,玉米芯的水解会略微降低体系的p H;初始SO2-4浓度通过改变体系中COD/SO2-4和颗粒内外的浓度差影响固定化颗粒的代谢过程,而对玉米芯水解的影响不显著。初始p H为2~6和Mn2+浓度≤55 mg/L时对固定化颗粒活性抑制作用不明显,初始p H越低越利于玉米芯的水解和颗粒形成良好的孔隙结构;颗粒对Mn2+的去除机理是一种不依赖微生物活性的快速化学吸附作用,可用伪二级动力学模型描述吸附过程(R2=0.995)。     

Deriving sorption indices for the prediction of potential phosphorus loss from calcareous soils

The aim of this study was to develop techniques to evaluate soil phosphorus (P) sorption capacity (PSC) and determine critical soil P levels to predict P loss potential for calcareous soils. Seventy-five soils mostly from Northern China were analyzed for soil P using four extraction methods (water, P_w; carbonate, P_Ols; ammonium oxalate, P_ox; and Mehlich 3, P_M3) as well as PSC derived from single-point (PSC₁₅₀) and multipoint sorption (S _t) isotherms. Strong correlation was found between PSC₁₅₀ and S _t (r ²=0.89, p<0.001). The sum of αCa_M3 and βMg_M3 as an index of PSC (PSC_{(CaM3 + MgM3)}) was most closely related to the maximum amount of P sorbed (S _max) as given by the sum of S _t and soil initial P setting α=0.039 and β=0.462 (r ²=0.80, p<0.001). The degree of P saturation (DPS) was thereafter calculated from PSC_{(CaM3 + MgM3)} (DPS_{(CaM3 + MgM3)}), to which Olsen P (P_Ols) was significantly correlated (r ²=0.82, p<0.001). In a split-line regression from P_w against DPS_{(CaM3 + MgM3)} (r ²=0.87, p<0.05), a change point was identified at 28.1% DPS_{(CaM3 + MgM3)}, which was equivalent to 49.2 mg kg^?1 P_Ols and corresponded to a P_w concentration of 8.8 mg kg^?1. After the change point, a sharp increase in P_w was observed. Our results reveal a new approach to approximating DPS from Ca_M3 and Mg_M3 for calcareous soils without the need to generate a S _max. We conclude that in the absence of an environmental soil test criteria for P, the DPS_{(CaM3 + MgM3)} and P_Ols could be used to predict P loss potential from calcareous soils.     

Translocation analysis and safety assessment in two water spinach cultivars with distinctive shoot Cd and Pb concentrations

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the translocation of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) and assess the safety of edible parts in two cultivars of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.) contrasting in shoot Cd and Pb concentrations. A low-Cd-Pb cultivar (QLQ) and a high-Cd-Pb cultivar (T308) were grown in five soils with different concentrations of Cd and Pb. The results showed that QLQ had lower Cd and Pb concentrations in stems and leaves and higher root Cd concentration than T308 did. Root Pb concentration of T308 dramatically increased with increasing soil Pb concentration and was higher than that of QLQ in the highest Pb treatment. The root-to-stem Cd translocation ability in T308 was 2.3–3.0-fold higher than that in QLQ. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in root-to-stem Pb translocation between QLQ and T308. The bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for Cd and Pb in the two cultivars remained stable in different Cd or Pb treatments, which were attributable to the homeostatic control mechanisms of Cd and Pb in water spinach.