VOC emission caps constrained by air quality targets based on response surface model: A case study in the Pearl River Delta Region, China

Because of the recent growth in ground-level ozone and increased emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), VOC emission control has become a major concern in China. In response, emission caps to control VOC have been stipulated in recent policies, but few of them were constrained by the co-control target of PM_2.5 and ozone, and discussed the factor that influence the emission cap formulation. Herein, we proposed a framework for quantification of VOC emission caps constrained by targets for PM_2.5 and ozone via a new response surface modeling (RSM) technique, achieving 50% computational cost savings of the quantification. In the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, the VOC emission caps constrained by air quality targets varied greatly with the NO_x emission reduction level. If control measures in the surrounding areas of the PRD region were not considered, there could be two feasible strategies for VOC emission caps to meet air quality targets (160 µg/m³ for the maximum 8-hr-average 90th-percentile (MDA8-90%) ozone and 25 µg/m³ for the annual average of PM_2.5): a moderate VOC emission cap with <20% NOx emission reductions or a notable VOC emission cap with >60% NO_x emission reductions. If the ozone concentration target were reduced to 155 µg/m³, deep NO_x emission reductions is the only feasible ozone control measure in PRD. Optimization of seasonal VOC emission caps based on the Monte Carlo simulation could allow us to gain higher ozone benefits or greater VOC emission reductions. If VOC emissions were further reduced in autumn, MDA8-90% ozone could be lowered by 0.3-1.5 µg/m³, equaling the ozone benefits of 10% VOC emission reduction measures. The method for VOC emission cap quantification and optimization proposed in this study could provide scientific guidance for coordinated control of regional PM_2.5 and O₃ pollution in China.     

不同施肥措施下长江经济带地区农田土壤有机碳含量的变化分析

收集整理1992年1月至2022年5月长江经济带地区长期定位施肥试验文献,提取并整合了其中农田土壤有机碳的资料.采用归一化处理和变化速率的分析方法,研究长期不同施肥措施下长江经济带地区农田土壤有机碳含量的总体变化,并比较3种耕作模式及不同土壤类型下土壤有机碳含量的变化差异,判断分析试验持续年限长短对土壤有机碳动态的影响.结果表明,在长期不同施肥措施下,我国长江经济带地区农田土壤有机碳含量整体呈上升趋势,无机氮肥磷肥配施(NP)、无机氮磷钾肥配施(NPK)、单独施用有机肥(O)和有机无机肥配施(NPKO)处理均能增加农田土壤的有机碳含量,其中以NPKO处理为最大,而单独施用无机氮肥(N)则会降低土壤有机碳含量.旱田、水田和水旱轮作农田土壤有机碳含量变化速率分别为0.22、 0.24和0.16g·(kg·a)^-1,3种耕作模式在土壤固碳效果方面并无显著性差异.O和NPKO处理下所带来的有机碳相对快速增加效应在旱田土壤中的持续年限最高不超过28 a,而在水田及水旱轮作土壤中依然可以持续到28 a以上.在不同的土壤类型下,土壤有机碳含量的变化速率存在着一定的差异,平均有机...     

一个烟厂除味系统

在对烟草进行加工制烟的过程中 ,会产生一定量的异味气体 ,污染烟厂及周围环境。在此介绍了某卷烟厂除味系统的基本原理、系统组成及运行情况。初步的运行表明该除味系统除味效率可达 95 %。     

土壤中二噁英/呋喃类物质的ASE高效提取法

研究了用高效溶剂提取方法测定土壤中二英类物质,特别对与提取效率相关的条件如提取次数等进行研究。得出土壤中二英类物质各异构体的提取效率与提取次数有关。提取率99%以上(3次提取),仅要1h。与国外同一土壤索氏提取法的提取结果进行了比较,表明ASE有提取溶剂用量少、时间短、效率高、实验步骤简化等优点。      

二氧化钛-水体系氧同位素分馏系数的实验研究

对TiO2的两种常见同质多像变体金红石和锐钛矿与水之间的氧同位素分馈系数的实验研究进行了系统的总结和评述。水热品化法（575～775℃）和水热氧化法（300～700℃）以及低温水解（22～50℃）获得的实验金红石－水体系分馏系数与增量方法理论计算结果相一致。低温水对法获得的锐钛矿－水体系分馏可能是一种不平衡分馏，其分馏系数的大小决定于锐钛矿的形成机制。同时，低温水解实验还揭示．在低温矿物形成和同质多像转变过程中可能存在氧同位素继承性，这对解释低温环境氧同位素数据具有重要的地球化学意义。     

厦门西港和九龙江口浮游植物生化组成及其环境因子效应

厦门西港和九龙江口浮游植物碳水化合物与光强、盐度和叶绿素ａ均显著正相关，蛋白质与光强有负相关关系，脂类受光强的影响较小，蛋白质与碳水化合物之比与氮磷比显正相关。１０月该海域浮游植物叶绿素ａ与生化组分含量都比４月高，与１０月海水温度和海面辐照度较高有关     

利用毛细管气相色谱法测定水和废水中的丙烯酰胺

本文采用毛细管色谱法建立了水和废水中丙烯酰胺的测定程序。以活性炭柱吸附、浓缩样品中的丙烯酰胺，用甲醇洗脱，洗脱液用FID测定。方法回收率为83．1～99．0％，相对标准偏差为5．34％，检出限为0．016mg／L。     

Flow sorting of fetal erythroblasts using intracytoplasmic anti-fetal haemoglobin: Preliminary observations on maternal samples

Monoclonal antibody to fetal haemoglobin (a₂γy₂) has been proposed as a fetal-specific reagent. We developed an intracellular staining protocol that combines fluorescein isothiocyanate or phycoerythrin conjugated anti-γ with the DNA binding dye Hoechst 33342 to identify and flow sort fetal erythroblasts from maternal blood. Our preliminary observations on anti-γ-positive cells sorted from four different pregnant women are described here, using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with chromosome-specific probes to identify fetal cells. Our data demonstrate that far fewer candidate fetal cells are sorted with this protocol than by current cell surface staining methods that employ the monoclonal antibody CD71. This results in increased fetal cell sorting purities. With this protocol, standard FISH techniques require modification due to the rigorous fixation with 4 per cent paraformaldehyde. Our initial data indicate the promise of this approach.     

日本八大公害案件裁决后的日本环境法发展及对中国环境法发展之借鉴

分析了日本八大公害案件的裁决对日本环境法发展的影响，如法制思想的转变，判例的应用，民事责任制度的发展以及环境管理机构的完善等，讨论了其对中国环境法制建设的借鉴。     

典型化工集中区环境空气SVOCs污染特征及来源解析

于冬春两季在华东3个典型石化化工集中区设置环境空气观测点,利用PUF大气被动采样技术(PUF-PAS)采集大气中半挥发性有机化合物(SVOCs),使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)进行分析.获得59种SVOCs的浓度,包括25种多环芳烃(PAHs)、24种正构烷烃及10种藿烷,并结合主成分分析和特征比值法解析PAHs来源.结果表明:①各观测点正构烷烃贡献率最高,其次是PAHs,分别超过60％和30％;②根据各化合物冬春季浓度变化并结合风向进行分析,推测正构烷烃C18、C29 αβ-藿烷和C30αβ-藿烷与石油化工排放有关;③PAHs单体以菲(Phe)、荧蒽(Fla)、萘(Nap)、芴(Flu)和芘(Pyr)为主,合计占比高达90.0％;④主成分分析显示观测点PAHs主要来自化石燃料燃烧、机动车尾气和石化工艺排放等,3类来源对PAHs的贡献率分别为56.0％、19.2％和8.6％,基于特征比值法的PAHs来源解析予以了验证.