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长江中游历来是长江流域水灾最严重的地区,研究历史时期这一地区水灾发生的变化波动并找出其与厄尔尼诺事件的遥相关,将有助于对长江中游水灾发生的预测。对这二个时间序列自1525年以来的数据进行了统计学分析。结果表明,水灾发生的主要周期比厄尔尼诺事件发生的周期要长:后者主要表现为2年和3~4年的振动,而前者的主要周期为2年、8年和40年,其显著性也没有后者明显(但都超过了0.03的置信度)。通过进一步分析历史时期长江中游水灾与厄尔尼诺事件的耦合振动,发现它们之间存在显著的遥相关。结果表明,长江中游水灾对厄尔尼诺现象的响应不仅存在着如许多中国学者相信的短期滞后(如:1年),而且还存在着比较长时间的滞后(最长可达8年)。研究结果同时表明,如果厄尔尼诺事件发生的相距时间愈短,这一时期长江中游水灾响应的滞后时间也愈短,反之亦然。 相似文献
314.
G. W. Uetz William J. McClintock Douglas Miller Elizabeth I. Smith Kristina K. Cook 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1996,38(4):253-257
Males of the brush-legged wolf spider Schizocosa ocreata (Hentz) have conspicuously decorated forelegs used in courtship and agonistic displays. Approximately one in five juvenile
males has a missing or regenerating foreleg, and regeneration of a leg lost during development usually results in the absence
of a decorative tuft on that leg. The subsequent asymmetry in this male secondary character significantly decreases success
in both courtship of females and male-male agonistic interactions. Experimental removal of tufts from one leg of previously
successful symmetric males produces similar results. As a test for concomitant behavioral effects, female spiders were shown
video images of a courting male with symmetric tufts and the same video image altered to have asymmetric tufts. Female receptivity
to the asymmetric video image was lower. In contrast to fluctuating asymmetry resulting from developmental instability, leg
tuft asymmetry in S. ocreata most likely arises from a single event during ontogeny – possibly leg loss from an aggressive or predator encounter – and
may serve as a quality indicator in female mate choice.
Received: 27 July 1995/ Accepted after revision: 19 November 1995 相似文献
315.
James C. Hower Uschi M. Graham Amy S. Wong J.David Robertson Bethel O. Haeberlin Gerald A. Thomas William H. Schram 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》1997,17(8):523-533
Two Kentucky power plants burning similar blends of high-sulfur western Kentucky and southern Indiana coal provide a unique opportunity to examine the variations in coal combustion by-products due to differences in the method of wet flue-gas desulfurization (FGD). One plant employed carbide lime-based scrubbing for two units and a dual-alkali process for the third unit. The second plant employed a Mississippian limestone from Kentucky for all four units. This study provides an example of optical and SEM petrographic techniques, supplemented by chemical analyses, applied to the study of, at least from the geologic perspective, non-traditional materials. The coal sources comprise a blend of high volatile C and B bituminous, high vitrinite (85–90%, mmf), high-sulfur (> 3%, dry) coals. The fly ash is dominated by glassy phases (70–80%) with about 5–10% spinel (predominately magnetite), 3–10% quartz, and 4–10% isotropic coke comprising the remaining portion of the ash. SEM observations indicate that the glassy particles exhibit a bimodal size distribution with sub-micron glass spheres and a population of larger (several 10s of microns) spheres. The bottom ash has higher proportions of spinels and mullite, with negligible carbon forms, compared to the fly ash from the same units. Fly ashes were observed to be lower in Fe and higher in Al, Si, and S compared to the bottom ashes. Carbide lime, a by-product of acetylene manufacture, soda ash, and limestone were the reagents used in the flue-gas desulfurization processes. The primary FGD by-product is a calcium sulfite slurry which is vacuum filtered and mixed with fly ash and, usually, lime, to form a stable product for disposal. The FGD by-products have some potential, as yet unrealized, for utilization. 相似文献
316.
The enemies within: intergenomic conflict, interlocus contest evolution (ICE), and the intraspecific Red Queen 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
Different loci within the genome of a single species can potentially coevolve in a manner that is analogous to the Red Queen
process among species. The major factor driving this antagonistic coevolution among loci is intergenomic conflict, i.e., discord
between individuals that is mediated by two or more gene products that are derived from different gene loci. We conclude that
antagonistic coevolution is common among loci that code for social interactions, and that it has broad evolutionary implications,
especially in the context of speciation and sex chromosome evolution.
Received: 15 January 1997 / Accepted after revision: 14 April 1997 相似文献
317.
William Moomaw Lucy Johnston 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2008,13(5-6):615-642
Climate change is creating substantial and growing impacts on the Northeastern United States. As the world’s seventh largest contributor of heat trapping carbon dioxide, the region will play a critical role in moving towards stabilizing global concentrations at a level that avoids serious adverse consequences. The Northeast region is well positioned to be a leader in technology and policy innovation for reducing emissions, and can drive national and international programs that are essential to providing a safer future climate. This paper summarizes technological mitigation options and measures as well as opportunities for public and private actions to reduce emissions. The authors propose a ‘3% solution’ of annual emission reductions to put the Northeastern United States on an emissions reductions path that is consistent with the level of reductions necessary to avoid dangerous climate change. The 3% solution requires a combination of policies that will reduce the energy imbedded in the region’s infrastructure and technologies, and individual action to choose the lowest emitting of available technologies and practices. 相似文献
318.
An assessment of endocrine disrupting activity changes during wastewater treatment through the use of bioassays and chemical measurements. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
J?rg E Drewes Jocelyn Hemming Sarah J Ladenburger James Schauer William Sonzogni 《Water environment research》2005,77(1):12-23
The objective of this study was to assess the removal efficiencies of secondary wastewater treatment processes for compounds causing endocrine disrupting activity. The study used bioassays and chemical measurements, such as gas chromatography with mass spectrometry and enzyme immunosorbent assays. A total of seven full-scale water reclamation facilities using different unit operations and two pilot-scale membrane bioreactors were examined. Findings of this study imply that estrogenic disrupting activity in primary effluent is mainly caused by two steroidal hormones (17beta-estradiol and estriol) and, to a lesser extent, by synthetic chemicals, such as bisphenol A, 4-nonylphenol, and 4-tert-octylphenol. During secondary treatment, steroidal hormones were removed to a higher degree than nonylphenol and bisphenol A. The total estrogenic activity was removed by an average of 96%. The remaining concentrations of targeted steroids in secondary effluents, except for estriol, still had the potential to elicit a positive response in the human breast cell cancer assay. For the majority of facilities, the remaining activity was likely attributed to residual concentrations of two steroidal hormones (17beta-estradiol and estriol). 相似文献
319.
Michael C. Eagle William S. Richardson Scott S. Hay Clinton Cox 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》1993,3(3):327-344
The Office of Radiation and Indoor Air of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has demonstrated a soil washing plant for the treatment of radioactively contaminated soils from two Superfund sites in New Jersey. The plant employs unit operations that are widely used in the processing of minerals and coal. These operations were examined and tested to determine how they would apply to volume reduction of these contaminated soils. In this context, they are considered to be innovative candidates for remediation of other sites with large volumes of soil contaminated with low-level radioactivity. Laboratory testing of soil characteristics and behavior in unit processes is used to assess the applicability of volume reduction/chemical extraction (VORCE) technology to specific sites. 相似文献
320.