Diversity of Soil Nematodes in Areas Polluted with Heavy Metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Lanzhou,China

This study investigated the soil nematode community structure along the Yellow River in the Lanzhou area of China, and analyzed the impact of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, and Zn) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the nematode community. Soil samples from five locations (named A–E), which were chosen for soil analysis, showed significant differences in their heavy metal content (p < 0.01), as well as in the variety of nematodes (up to 41 genera) and families (up to 20) that were present. The different samples also differed significantly in the total PAH content (p < 0.05), as well as the six types of PAH present. Sites A–C showed the most severe contamination with heavy metals and PAHs; these sites had the lowest abundance of fungivores and omnivore/predators, but the proportion of bacteriovores was the highest (p < 0.05). Site E, in contrast, showed only minor pollution with heavy metals and PAHs, and it contained the highest abundance of plant parasites (p < 0.05). Several nematode ecological indicators were found to correlate with concentration of soil pollutants at all the sites tested: the maturity index (MI, in addition to plant parasites), plant parasite index (PPI), ΣMI (including all the soil nematodes), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H′′), and Wasilewska index (WI). Disturbance to the soil environment was more severe when MI, ΣMI, and H′ values were lower. The results of the study show that the abundance and structure of the soil nematode communities in the sampling locations were strongly influenced by levels of heavy metals and PAHs in the soil. They also show that the diversity index H′ and the maturity index can be valuable tools for assessing the impact of pollutants on nematodes.     

热化学洗涤－超声波分离技术处理油田含油污泥

为解决大量堆存的含油污泥所造成的环保隐患问题,长庆油田建设了含油污泥处理站。采用"热化学洗涤-超声波分离"工艺对含油污泥进行处理。含油污泥的含油率从处理前的48.9%降到处理后2.0%,除油率达到95.9%,除油效果较好。     

尾气循环技术在国内顺酐装置的应用

顺酐生产过程排放的废气中含有大量未反应原料、副产物CO和挥发性有机物(VOC)等,对其进行处理使之达标排放,回收其中可利用的物质或能量有重要意义。吐哈石化厂顺酐装置采用CONSER公司工艺技术,新增部分尾气回收生产工艺路线,回收40%的尾气中的正丁烷,实现了蒸汽分阶利用,排放的废气中SO2、NOx、颗粒物等达到GB16297-1996《大气污染物综合排放标准》中二级标准。     

基于数据包络分析（DEA）的中国节能降耗实证研究

能源是人类赖以生存的基础,也是社会经济可持续发展的重要约束,能源效率越来越受到国际社会的关注.我国"十一五"规划纲要中明确提出了到2010年实现GDP能耗降低20%的量化指标,节能降耗已经上升为基本国策.通过对2000-2007年中国能源利用状况的分析以及各省能源效率的测算,得出中国能源消费结构不合理、能源效率区域差异较大的结论.     

陕北子长县阎家沟黄土滑坡特征及其变形机制

野外调查和钻探资料显示,阎家沟滑坡属大型黄土滑坡,滑坡体为中、晚更新世黄土.在滑坡前缘流水侵蚀坡脚和滑坡体上修建窑洞、梯田、排放生活用水等人类工程活动影响下以及在2002年7月4日连续强降雨的激发下,目前处于不稳定状态,若遇强降雨失稳概率很大.填埋滑坡体裂隙和孔洞、加强地表排水、在滑坡体前缘沟谷修建淤地坝是提高陕北此类滑坡稳定性最为经济有效的措施.     

风险管理标准化述评

针对近年来三个重要的风险管理国际标准化文件:Guide 73:2002,澳大利亚的风险管理标准AS/NZS 4360:2004和ISO/CD 31000,以及国际减灾理事会的白皮书,评述了国际标准化文件在风险管理过程环节的基本条款和管理框架.Guide 73指引了风险管理领域最基础的术语,对全球的风险管理制定出通用的语言.它强调对于安全领域,风险管理把焦点放在危害的预防和减轻;AS/NZS 4360明确地确定了相关风险管理的定义,解释了风险管理的程序,重点强调要控制风险产生的后果;ISO/CD 31000聚合了大约26个国家的知识和经验,关注组织建立风险管理流程和不断地进行审评的重要性;IRGC强调群体感知是风险管理的前提,只有当群体认知到可能存在风险时,才会有利于用自己的判断经验去进行风险识别、划分和评价风险,进行风险评估.最后述评了中国风险管理标准化的工作以及在国际风险管理标准化中的贡献.     

探幽海螺沟

走过的地方不多,看过的地方不少,就自然风光而言,位于四川省甘孜藏族自治州泸定县境内的海螺沟冰川森林公园,是我见到过的最美的景致之一。然而,在全球升温和温室气体减排加剧的大背景下,海螺沟冰川雪线上升、冰川后退,形成了冰溜面、冰斗、冰川磨光面和冰川擦痕等特殊的冰蚀地貌,许多动植物资源正面临生死存亡的境地,一幕幕现实的场景呼唤着人类在享受现代化文明的同时,也要爱护和关心人类赖以生存的地球家园。     

长短桩复合地基承载力发挥系数取值研究

根据水泥土长短桩复合地基试验结果,得到了考虑荷载水平的水泥土长短桩复合地基承载力计算公式。然后,考虑复合地基中桩体、桩间土和复合地基沉降量之间的相互关系,利用现场载荷试验成果,对单桩复合地基和长短桩复合地基的桩间土承载力发挥系数和合理的s/b取值范围进行了对比研究,得到了长短桩复合地基桩间土承载力发挥系数的计算方法。结果表明:长短桩复合地基桩体先于桩间土出现破坏,桩体极限荷载点对应的复合地基s/b值为s/b的上限;当垫层模量Ec为100M Pa时,长短桩复合地基s/b上限为0.0034,对应的桩间土承载力发挥系数为0.29。     

Incorporating layer- and local-scale heterogeneities in numerical simulation of unsaturated flow and tracer transport

This study characterizes layer- and local-scale heterogeneities in hydraulic parameters (i.e., matrix permeability and porosity) and investigates the relative effect of layer- and local-scale heterogeneities on the uncertainty assessment of unsaturated flow and tracer transport in the unsaturated zone of Yucca Mountain, USA. The layer-scale heterogeneity is specific to hydrogeologic layers with layerwise properties, while the local-scale heterogeneity refers to the spatial variation of hydraulic properties within a layer. A Monte Carlo method is used to estimate mean, variance, and 5th, and 95th percentiles for the quantities of interest (e.g., matrix saturation and normalized cumulative mass arrival). Model simulations of unsaturated flow are evaluated by comparing the simulated and observed matrix saturations. Local-scale heterogeneity is examined by comparing the results of this study with those of the previous study that only considers layer-scale heterogeneity. We find that local-scale heterogeneity significantly increases predictive uncertainty in the percolation fluxes and tracer plumes, whereas the mean predictions are only slightly affected by the local-scale heterogeneity. The mean travel time of the conservative and reactive tracers to the water table in the early stage increases significantly due to the local-scale heterogeneity, while the influence of local-scale heterogeneity on travel time gradually decreases over time. Layer-scale heterogeneity is more important than local-scale heterogeneity for simulating overall tracer travel time, suggesting that it would be more cost-effective to reduce the layer-scale parameter uncertainty in order to reduce predictive uncertainty in tracer transport.     

Food chain transfer of cadmium and lead to cattle in a lead–zinc smelter in Guizhou, China

Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) are environmental pollutants. Environmental samples and bovine tissues were collected from the areas around a lead–zinc smelter in Guizhou, China for Cd, Pb, zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) analysis. Cd in soil (10 mg/kg) and feed (6.6 mg/kg) from the polluted areas was 10 times higher than the Chinese Standards, resulting in higher Cd in bovine kidney (38 mg/kg) and liver (2.5 mg/kg). Pb in feed (132 mg/kg) from the polluted area was much higher than unpolluted areas, causing higher Pb levels in bovine tissues. Environmental Zn was elevated, but bovine tissue Zn was normal. Cu in bovine liver decreased with increased Cd and Pb. Metals in drinking water and in bovine muscle were within the Standard range. Thus, in the areas of this lead–zinc smelter, the environment has been contaminated with Cd and Pb, which has been transferred to cattle through the food chain.