强化混凝去除尖针杆藻

嘉陵江水系藻类暴发,水源水中的藻类在水厂前处理工艺中难以去除,造成该流域附近10余个水厂发生滤池堵塞现象,其中个别水厂滤池反冲洗周期由正常情况的24 h缩短至2~3 h,严重影响净水厂的正常运行,使得制水能力大幅降低。针对藻类(优势藻为硅藻中的针杆藻)暴发问题,通过对比PAFS、PAC和PFC3种混凝剂的除藻除浊效果,选取PAFS为最佳混凝剂;通过添加预氧化剂和助凝剂强化混凝除藻效果,其结果表明,使用助凝剂PDMDAAC的对PAFS的助凝效果最好,其余药剂结合PAFS的除藻效果为PPC>ClO2>PAM>H2O2>HCA-1,并将其应用到现有水厂,结果表明,0.6mg/L PDMDAAC+25 mg/L PAFS在水厂混凝沉淀,尖针杆藻含量降至49×104~55×104cells/L,其除藻率可达70%~75%,大大减轻了滤池的运行负荷,使得水厂运行恢复到正常水平。     

我国废电子产品处理技术及运行成本分析

通过研究分析国内外废电子电器产品处理技术,结合我国废电子产品处理技术现状,提出在我国合理适用的废电子产品处理工艺路线,并核算其运行成本.     

Evaluation of spatial-temporal variations and trends in surface water quality across a rural-suburban-urban interface

Water quality degradation is often a severe consequence of rapid economic expansion in developing countries. Methods to assess spatial-temporal patterns and trends in water quality are essential for guiding adaptive management efforts aimed at water quality remediation. Temporal and spatial patterns of surface water quality were investigated for 54 monitoring sites in the Wen-Rui Tang River watershed of eastern China to identify such patterns in water quality occurring across a rural-suburban-urban interface. Twenty physical and chemical water quality parameters were analyzed in surface waters collected once every 4–8 weeks from 2000 to 2010. Temporal and spatial variations among water quality parameters were assessed between seasons (wet/dry) and among major land use zones (urban/suburban/rural). Factor analysis was used to identify parameters that were important in assessing seasonal and spatial variations in water quality. Results revealed that parameters related to organic pollutants (dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (manganese) (COD_Mn), and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅)), nutrients (ammonia nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺-N), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP)), and salt concentration (electrical conductivity (EC)) were the most important parameters contributing to water quality variation. Collectively, they explained 70.9 % of the total variance. A trend study using the seasonal Kendall test revealed reductions in COD_Mn, BOD₅, NH₄ ⁺-N, petrol, V-phen, and EC concentrations over the 11-year study period. Cluster analysis was employed to evaluate variation among 14 sampling sites representative of dominant land use categories and indicated three, three, and four clusters based on organic, nutrient, and salt water quality characteristics, respectively. Factors that are typically responsible for water quality degradation (including population, topography, and land use) showed no strong correlation with water quality trends implying considerable point source inputs in the watershed. The results of this study help inform ongoing water quality remediation efforts by documenting trends in water quality across various land use zones.     

硝酸盐还原条件下对氯硝基苯的生物还原转化

针对对氯硝基苯和硝酸盐复合污染问题,以乙醇作为共基质,通过间歇式实验,在基质充足和不足2种条件下考察了NO3-对对氯硝基苯还原过程影响。实验结果表明,在基质充足条件下,对氯硝基苯和NO3-还原过程不互相产生抑制作用。当初始COD浓度为100 mg/L,由于基质不足,NO3-对对氯硝基苯还原过程产生竞争性抑制作用,且抑制作用随着NO3-浓度升高而增强,当NO3-浓度为150 mg/L和300 mg/L时,与空白样相比对氯硝基苯还原速率分别下降20%和54%,且溶液中出现NO2-积累,浓度分别为33.68 mg/L和44.92 mg/L。当采用生物法修复氯硝基苯化合物和硝酸盐复合污染水体时,应考虑基质的供给和硝酸盐的影响。     

水解-BCMBBR-混凝沉淀组合工艺处理低浓度污水的中试研究

采用水解-生物陶粒移动床(BCMBBR)-混凝沉淀组合工艺处理南方低浓度、低碳高氨氮生活污水(COD 110～140 mg/L、C/N 4～5),开展中试研究。结果表明,BCMBBR 20 d成功挂膜,快速启动;在水温25～29℃,HRT 8 h,气水比5∶1,混合液回流比150%,无混凝沉淀下运行,COD、SS和NH4+-N的平均去除率均在81%以上,TN平均去除率大于47%,而TP去除率较低;后接PAC+PAM强化混凝沉淀后运行,有效提高了TP去除率,出水TP在0.5 mg/L以下,稳定达到(GB18918-2002)一级A标准。曝气强度不同相应BCMBBR中的微生物相(微生物种类和数量)也不同,可根据微生物相来指导曝气强度的调节,实现BCMBBR的高效运行。该组合工艺处理废水运行的直接成本为0.24元/m3,是一种适合南方低浓度、低碳高氨氮生活污水的经济高效处理工艺。     

Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange by a multi-layer rotating disk reactor

Introduction

Solar wastewater treatment based on photocatalytic reactions is a green process that utilizes renewable energy resources and minimizes secondary pollution. Reactor design plays an important role in promoting treatment efficiency and throughput density (based on unit volume of the reactor).

Experimental

A rotating disk reactor that significantly increases the process efficiency has been designed and evaluated for application to photocatalytic decomposition of dye pollutants in aqueous solutions. In this process, a novel multi-layer rotating disk reactor (MLRDR) was presented. Photocatalyst (TiO₂) particles are immobilized on the surfaces of disks. Within each layer of the reactor, methyl orange aqueous solution is allowed to flow from the center of the disk in a radial direction along the surface of the disk, which is rotating at high speed and is irradiated with UV lamps. The effluent is then directed to the center of another layer that lies underneath. Up to four stacked layers have been tested in this study, and the effects due to the number of the layers and volumetric flow rate on reaction conversion are investigated.

Results and discussion

The efficiency of this photocatalytic reactor exhibits complex dependence on these parameters. With selected operating conditions, conversions greater than 95% can be achieved within seconds of residence time. Design equations of the reactor have been derived based on fluid dynamics and kinetic models, and the simulation results show promising scale-up potential of the reactor.     

电驱动道路车辆动力锂离子电池组和电池系统性能试验条件和要求

本文是电驱动道路车辆动力锂离子电池的试验和要求标题下的电池组和电池系统性能试验部分。结合国标转化过程和实验室能力验证经历,在能量、容量、功率、内阻、能效和损耗等性能试验方法和要求作了具体的描述和解释。供实验室和相关产品的供需方双参考。     

Low-level maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and potential implications for offspring health

Fish consumption is considered the primary pathway for MeHg (MeHg) exposure; however, MeHg exposure also occurs through rice ingestion. Rice is grown in an aquatic environment and although documented MeHg concentrations in rice are lower compared to fish tissue, human exposures exceed international guidelines in some regions where rice is a staple food and rice MeHg levels are elevated. Studies concerning human health exposure to MeHg should also include populations where maternal MeHg exposure occurs through ingestion of rice. Rice does not contain long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are associated with confounding developmental outcomes in offspring. Rice is also a staple food for more than half the world’s population; therefore, it is critical to investigate the potential health risks of maternal ingestion of rice to the developing fetus, the most susceptible population to the deleterious effects of MeHg. Data concerning MeHg in rice are reviewed and micronutrients in rice are discussed.     

Adsorption of sulfamethoxazole on functionalized carbon nanotubes as affected by cations and anions

The environmental risks of antibiotics have attracted lots of research attention, but their environmental behavior is not clear yet. Functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were used as model adsorbents and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) was used as a model antibiotic to investigate the effect of both cations (Ca²⁺, Cs⁺) and anions (phosphate) on antibiotics adsorption. Various mechanisms (such as electrostatic interaction, hydrophobic interaction, π-π and hydrogen bonds) play roles in SMX adsorption. Cations and anions could “wedge into” these mechanisms and thus alter SMX adsorption. This study emphasized that both increased and decreased SMX adsorption could be observed with the addition of cations/anions, depending on environmental conditions (such as pH in this current study). The net effect is the balance between the increased and decreased effects. The contribution of different mechanisms to the overall antibiotic adsorption on solid particles should be identified to accurately predict the apparent effect by cations and anions.     

粉末状和颗粒状有机膨润土对克百威的吸附

用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)制得粉末状CTMAB阳离子有机膨润土(简称CTMAB-膨润土)和CTMAB-SDBS阴阳离子有机膨润土(简称CTMAB-SDBS-膨润土),并利用聚乙烯醇(PVA)包埋固定化技术将2种粉末状有机膨润土制成颗粒状有机膨润土,研究了粉末状与颗粒状有机膨润土对水中克百威的吸附性能.结果表明:粉末状CTMAB-膨润土和CTMAB-SDBS-膨润土对克百威的吸附效果较好,最终去除率分别为90.9％和92.5％,颗粒状CTMAB-膨润土和CTMAB-SDBS-膨润土对克百威的最终去除率分别为55.5％和60.3％;有机膨润土对克百威的吸附等温线符合Freundlich方程;颗粒状有机膨润土吸附克百威最多可重复利用6次.